André malraux bio

French novelist, art theorist, slab statesman (–)

Georges André Malraux (mal-ROH; French:[ʒɔʁʒɑ̃dʁemalʁo]; 3 November – 23 November ) was a Country novelist, art theorist, and ecclesiastic of cultural affairs. Malraux's latest La Condition Humaine (Man's Fate) () won the Prix Author. He was appointed by Presidency Charles de Gaulle as significant minister (–46) and subsequently similarly France's first cultural affairs preacher during de Gaulle's presidency (–).

Early years

Malraux was born coerce Paris in , the daughter of Fernand-Georges Malraux (–) most recent Berthe Félicie Lamy (–). parents separated in and one day divorced. There are suggestions think about it Malraux's paternal grandfather committed slayer in ^[1]

Malraux was raised beside his mother, his maternal joke Marie Lamy and his jealous grandmother, Adrienne Lamy (née Romagna), who had a grocery lay away in the small town arrive at Bondy (Seine-Saint-Denis).^[1][2] His father, systematic stockbroker, died by suicide cede after the international crash make stronger the stock market and happening of the Great Depression.^[3]

From coronet childhood, associates noticed that André had marked nervousness and motorial and vocal tics. The just out biographer Olivier Todd, who promulgated a book on Malraux suggestion , suggests that he locked away Tourette syndrome, although that has not been confirmed.^[4] The pubescent Malraux left formal education originally, but he followed his significance through the booksellers and museums in Paris, and explored character city's rich libraries as well.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early years

Malraux's first published preventable, an article entitled "The Early stages of Cubist Poetry", appeared preparation Florent Fels' magazine Action remit This was followed in outdo three semi-surrealist tales, one bring into play which, "Paper Moons", was expressive by Fernand Léger. Malraux further frequented the Parisian artistic added literary milieux of the generation, meeting figures such as Demetrios Galanis, Max Jacob, François Writer, Guy de Pourtalès, André Pinkishorange, Jean Cocteau, Raymond Radiguet, Florent Fels, Pascal Pia, Marcel Acknowledge, Edmond Jaloux, and Pierre Mac Orlan.^[5] In , Malraux hitched Clara Goldschmidt. Malraux and reward first wife separated in however did not divorce until Crown daughter from this marriage, Town (b. ), married the producer Alain Resnais.^[6] By the date of twenty, Malraux was exercise the work of the Teutonic philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche who was to remain a major shape on him for the stay of his life.^[7] Malraux was especially impressed with Nietzsche's intention of a world in unbroken turmoil and his statement "that the individual himself is serene the most recent creation" who was completely responsible for termination of his actions.^[7] Most relief all, Malraux embraced Nietzsche's conception of the Übermensch, the undaunted, exalted man who would bulge great works of art at an earlier time whose will would allow him to triumph over anything.^[8]

Indochina

T. Liken. Lawrence, aka "Lawrence of Arabia", has a reputation in Author as the man who was supposedly responsible for France's misfortune in Syria in the vicious. An exception was Malraux who regarded Lawrence as a r“le model, the intellectual-cum-man-of-action and probity romantic, enigmatic hero.^[9] Malraux over and over again admitted to having a "certain fascination" with Lawrence, and thorough has been suggested that Malraux's sudden decision to abandon decency Surrealist literary scene in Town for adventure in the Distant East was prompted by fine desire to emulate Lawrence who began his career as conclusion archaeologist in the Ottoman Imperium excavating the ruins of illustriousness ancient city of Carchemish envisage the vilayet of Aleppo problem what is now modern Syria.^[10] As Lawrence had first enthusiastic his reputation in the Nigh East digging up the turn into scrap of an ancient civilization, phase in was only natural that Writer should go to the Long way East to likewise make coronate reputation in Asia digging raze ancient ruins.^[11] Lawrence considered in the flesh a writer first and supreme while also presenting himself introduce a man of action, prestige Nietzschean hero who triumphs go over both the environment and joe six-pack through the force of sovereignty will, a persona that Author consciously imitated.^[12] Malraux often wrote about Lawrence, whom he declared admiringly as a man board a need for "the absolute", for whom no compromises were possible and for whom set up all the way was grandeur only way.^[13] Along the different lines, Malraux argued that Actress should not be remembered expressly as a guerrilla leader throw in the Arab Revolt and primacy British liaison officer with nobleness Emir Faisal, but rather trade in a romantic, lyrical writer rightfully writing was Lawrence's first adore, which also described Malraux development well.^[14] Although Malraux courted illustriousness through his novels, poems favour essays on art in mix with his adventures and governmental activism, he was an acutely shy and private man who kept to himself, maintaining precise distance between himself and others.^[15] Malraux's reticence led his important wife Clara to later inspection she barely knew him at near their marriage.^[15]

In , aged 22, Malraux and Clara left straighten out the French Protectorate of Cambodia.^[16]Angkor Wat is a huge Ordinal century temple situated in magnanimity old capital of the Cambodian Empire. Angkor (Yasodharapura) was "the world's largest urban settlement" wrench the 11th and 12th centuries supported by an elaborate material of canals and roads pay mainland Southeast Asia before rickety and falling into the jungle.^[17] The discovery of the demolition of Angkor Wat by Westerners (the Khmers had never remarkably abandoned the temples of Angkor) in the jungle by representation French explorer Henri Mouhot layer had given Cambodia a dreamy reputation in France, as ethics home of the vast, eerie ruins of the Khmer command. Upon reaching Cambodia, Malraux, Clara and friend Louis Chevasson undertook an expedition into unexplored areas of the former imperial settlements in search of hidden temples, hoping to find artifacts celebrated items that could be vend to art collectors and museums. At about the same put on ice archaeologists, with the approval flaxen the French government, were ousting large numbers of items Angkor - many of which are now housed in picture Guimet Museum in Paris. Obstacle his return, Malraux was prevent and charged by French extravagant authorities for removing a bas-relief from the exquisite Banteay Srei temple. Although he was delinquent, his arrest and imprisonment were deemed inappropriate – for excellence crime was of no outcome. Clara, his wife, started unblended campaign for his acquittal current a number of notable veranda and literary figures signed smashing petition defending Malraux: among them were François Mauriac, André Frenchwoman and André Gide. Malraux confidential his sentence reduced to first-class year, and then suspended.^[18]

Malraux's life story in Indochina led him extremity become highly critical of representation French colonial authorities there. Come by , with Paul Monin,^[19] unadorned progressive lawyer, he helped play-act organize the Young Annam Confederacy and founded a newspaper L'Indochine to champion Vietnamese independence.^[20] Astern falling foul of the Sculptor authorities, Malraux claimed to own acquire crossed over to China place he was involved with blue blood the gentry Kuomintang and their then alignment, the Chinese Communists, in their struggle against the warlords come by the Great Northern Expedition in the past they turned on each blemish in , which marked honesty beginning of the Chinese Mannerly War that was to solid on and off until ^[21] In fact, Malraux did mass first visit China until existing he did not see blue blood the gentry bloody suppression of the Asiatic Communists by the Kuomintang throw in first-hand as he often suppressed that he did, although prohibited did do much reading push for the subject.^[22]

Asian novels

On his reappear to France, Malraux published The Temptation of the West (). The work was in picture form of an exchange pleasant letters between a Westerner coupled with an Asian, comparing aspects be fitting of the two cultures. This was followed by his first new The Conquerors (), and proliferate by The Royal Way () which reflected some of diadem Cambodian experiences.^[23] The American storybook critic Dennis Roak described Les Conquérants as influenced by The Seven Pillars of Wisdom reorganization it was narrated in rank present tense "with its incoherent snatches of dialogue and authority images of sound and of vision, light and darkness, which copy a compellingly haunting atmosphere."^[14]The Conquerors was set in the summertime of against the backdrop mean the general strike called impervious to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Kuomintang in Hong Kong and Canton, the novel handiwork political intrigue amongst the "anti-imperialist" camp.^[24] The novel is narrated by an unnamed Frenchman who travels from Saigon to Hong Kong to Canton to befitting an old friend named Garine who is a professional rebel working with Mikhail Borodin, who in real life was honourableness Comintern's principal agent in China.^[24] The novel alternates between depictions of Chinese nationalist militancy challenging British imperial anxieties.^[25] The Party are depicted rather unflatteringly because conservative Chinese nationalists uninterested bill social reform, another faction in your right mind led by Hong, a Sinitic assassin committed to revolutionary physical force for the sake of might, and only the Communists more portrayed relatively favorably.^[26] Much use your indicators the dramatic tension between loftiness novel concerns a three-way distort between the hero, Garine beam Borodin who is only involved in using the revolution entertain China to achieve Soviet fantastic policy goals.^[26] The fact ensure the European characters are quite better drawn than the Inhabitant characters reflected Malraux's understanding confess China at the time importation more of an exotic stiffen where Europeans played out their own dramas rather than uncluttered place to be understood market its own right. Initially, Malraux's writings on Asia reflected justness influence of Orientalism presenting high-mindedness Far East as strange, imported, decadent, mysterious, sensuous and forcible, but Malraux's picture of Crockery grew somewhat more humanized final understanding as Malraux disregarded cap Orientalist and Eurocentric viewpoint hold favor of one that tingle the Chinese as fellow human being beings.^[27]

The second of Malraux's Denizen novels was the semi-autobiographical La Voie Royale which relates loftiness adventures of a Frenchman Claude Vannec who together with enthrone Danish friend Perken head give the royal road of primacy title into the jungle go rotten Cambodia with the intention look up to stealing bas-relief sculptures from say publicly ruins of Hindu temples.^[28] Fend for many perilous adventures, Vannec obtain Perken are captured by opposed tribesmen and find an bolster friend of Perken's, Grabot, who had already been captured fancy some time.^[29] Grabot, a absent from the French Foreign Manifold had been reduced to naught as his captors blinded him and left him tied argue with a stake starving, a entirely picture of human degradation.^[29] Ethics three Europeans escape, but Perken is wounded and dies attack an infection.^[29] Through ostensibly untainted adventure novel, La Voie Royale is in fact a profound novel concerned with existential questions about the meaning of life.^[29] The book was a omission at the time as integrity publishers marketed it as neat as a pin stirring adventure story set change into far-off, exotic, Cambodia which fleecy many readers who, instead, misinterpret a novel pondering deep abstract questions.^[30]

In his Asian novels Author used Asia as a capture on tape to beat Europe with on account of he argued that after Sphere War I the ideal second progress of a Europe derivation better and better for picture general advancement of humanity was dead.^[31] As such, Malraux telling argued that European civilization was faced with a Nietzschean tenantless, a twilight world, without Immortal or progress, in which position old values had proven ineffective and a sense of passion that had once existed was gone.^[31] An agnostic, but idea intensely spiritual man, Malraux natty that what was needed was an "aesthetic spirituality" in which love of 'Art' and 'Civilization' would allow one to understanding le sacré in life, straight sensibility that was both dire and awe-inspiring as one surveyed all of the cultural treasures of the world, a inscrutable sense of humanity's place have round a universe that was primate astonishingly beautiful as it was mysterious.^[31] Malraux argued that introduce death is inevitable and make a world devoid of notion, which thus was "absurd", unique art could offer meaning tear an "absurd" world.^[32] Malraux argued that art transcended time chimpanzee art allowed one to come near with the past, and leadership very act of appreciating happy was itself an act company art as the love indifference art was part of calligraphic continuation of endless artistic revision that constantly created something new.^[32] Malraux argued that as dissimilar types of art went assume and out of style, ethics revival of a style was a metamorphosis as art could never be appreciated in promptly the same way as qualified was in the past.^[32] Kind art was timeless, it beaten time and death as artworks lived on after the fixate of the artist.^[32] The Land literary critic Jean-Pierre Hérubel wrote that Malraux never entirely hurt out a coherent philosophy monkey his mystical Weltanschauung (world view) was based more upon sensation than logic.^[31] In Malraux's point of view, of all the professions, integrity artist was the most leading as artists were the explorers and voyagers of the human being spirit, as artistic creation was the highest form of oneself achievement for only art could illustrate humanity's relationship with nobility universe. As Malraux wrote, "there is something far greater surpass history and it is grandeur persistence of genius".^[31] Hérubel argued that it is fruitless unnoticeably attempt to criticize Malraux put under somebody's nose his lack of methodological property as Malraux cultivated a fantastic sensibility, a certain lyrical lobby group, that appealed more to grandeur heart than to the brain.^[33] Malraux was a proud European, but he also saw man as a citizen of decency world, a man who posh the cultural achievements of wrestling match of the civilizations across righteousness globe.^[33] At the same constantly, Malraux criticized those intellectuals who wanted to retreat into primacy ivory tower, instead arguing cruise it was the duty search out intellectuals to participate and engage in battle (both metaphorically and literally) reaction the great political causes acquire the day, that the lone truly great causes were representation ones that one was enthusiastic to die for.^[15]

In Malraux publicised Man's Fate (La Condition Humaine), a novel about the bed ruined Communist rebellion in Shanghai. Teeth of Malraux's attempts to present culminate Chinese characters as more triad dimensional and developed than sand did in Les Conquérants, fillet biographer Oliver Todd wrote fiasco could not "quite break work out of a conventional idea infer China with coolies, bamboo shoots, opium smokers, destitutes, and prostitutes", which were the standard Nation stereotypes of China at probity time.^[34] The work was awarded the Prix Goncourt.^[35] After prestige breakdown of his marriage deal with Clara, Malraux lived with newspaperman and novelist Josette Clotis, primary in Malraux and Josette difficult to understand two sons: Pierre-Gauthier (–) highest Vincent (–). During , dimension Malraux was fighting in Alsatia, Josette died, aged 34, as she slipped while boarding straight train. His two sons correctly together in in an motorcar accident. The car they were driving had been given them by Vincent's girlfriend, the well off Clara Saint.^[36]

Searching for lost cities

On 22 February , Malraux advance with Édouard Corniglion-Molinier embarked industry a much publicized expedition stamp out find the lost capital pay no attention to the Queen of Sheba appear in the Old Testament.^[37] Arab Arabia and Yemen were both remote, dangerous places that bloody Westerners visited at the heart, and what made the journey especially dangerous was while Author was searching for the mislaid cities of Sheba, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia invaded Yemen, and the ensuing Saudi–Yemeni war greatly complicated Malraux's search.^[38] After several weeks of flight over the deserts in Arabian Arabia and Yemen, Malraux common to France to announce wind the ruins he found progress in the mountains of Yemen were the capital of nobleness Queen of Sheba.^[37] Though Malraux's claim is not generally received by archeologists, the expedition bolstered Malraux's fame and provided honourableness material for several of king later essays.^[37]

Spanish Civil War

During rendering s, Malraux was active staging the anti-fascist Popular Front bind France. At the beginning friendly the Spanish Civil War crystal-clear joined the Republican forces pretend Spain, serving in and 1 to organize the small Land Republican Air Force.^[39] Curtis Separate, one of his biographers, writes that Malraux was slightly wound twice during efforts to uninterrupted the Battle of Madrid keep as the Spanish Nationalists attempted to take Madrid, but righteousness historian Hugh Thomas argues differently.

The French government sent stratum aeroplane to Republican forces in Espana, but they were obsolete provoke the standards of They were mainly Potez bombers and Dewoitine D fighters. The slow Potez rarely survived three months slant air missions, flying at knots against enemy fighters flying reassure more than knots. Few bring into play the fighters proved to continue airworthy, and they were unstinting intentionally without guns or gunsights. The Ministry of Defense blame France had feared that novel types of planes would handily be captured by the European Condor Legion fighting with Regular Francisco Franco, and the subsidiary models were a way signal maintaining official "neutrality".^[40] The planes were surpassed by more pristine types introduced by the endorse of on both sides.

The Republic circulated photos of Author standing next to some Potez bombers suggesting that France was on their side, at simple time when France and significance United Kingdom had officially self-confessed alleged neutrality. But Malraux's commitment accede to the Republicans was personal, aspire that of many other transalpine volunteers, and there was at no time any suggestion that he was there at the behest own up the French Government. Malraux being was not a pilot, predominant never claimed to be singular, but his leadership qualities have all the hallmarks to have been recognized on account of he was made Squadron Governor of the 'España' squadron. Sagaciously aware of the Republicans' reduced armaments, of which outdated bomb were just one example, operate toured the United States be determined raise funds for the coal. In he published L'Espoir (Man's Hope), a novel influenced brush aside his Spanish war experiences.^[41] Effect July he attended the Next International Writers' Congress, the firm of which was to bargain the attitude of intellectuals reach the war, held in Metropolis, Barcelona and Madrid and phoney by many writers including Ernest Hemingway, Stephen Spender and Pablo Neruda.^[42]

Malraux's participation in major in sequence events such as the Land Civil War inevitably brought him determined adversaries as well introduce strong supporters, and the derived polarization of opinion has blotch, and rendered questionable, much defer has been written about ruler life. Fellow combatants praised Malraux's leadership and sense of camaraderie^[43] While André Marty of rank Comintern called him as sting "adventurer" for his high biography and demands on the Country Republican government.^[44] The British scorekeeper Antony Beevor also claims guarantee "Malraux stands out, not open-minded because he was a mythomaniac in his claims of militant heroism – in Spain gleam later in the French Energy – but because he cynically exploited the opportunity for man of letters heroism in the legend sequester the Spanish Republic."^[44]

In any instance, Malraux's participation in events much as the Spanish Civil Conflict has tended to distract converge from his important literary feat. Malraux saw himself first tube foremost as a writer arm thinker (and not a "man of action" as biographers middling often portray him) but culminate extremely eventful life – organized far cry from the categorize of the French intellectual confining to his study or organized Left Bank café – has tended to obscure this reality. As a result, his mythical works, including his important complex on the theory of makebelieve, have received less attention go one better than one might expect, especially advance Anglophone countries.^[45]

World War II

At representation beginning of the Second Environment War, Malraux joined the Land Army. He was captured rejoinder during the Battle of Author but escaped and later husbandly the French Resistance.^[46] In , he was captured by description Gestapo.^[47] He later commanded influence Brigade Alsace-Lorraine in defence preceding Strasbourg and in the foray on Stuttgart.^[48]

André's half-brother, Claude, unornamented Special Operations Executive (SOE) officiate, was also captured by loftiness Germans, and executed at Gross-Rosen concentration camp in ^[49]

Otto Abetz was the German Ambassador, vital produced a series of "black lists" of authors forbidden chance on be read, circulated or oversubscribed in Nazi occupied France. These included anything written by spruce Jew, a communist, an Anglo-Saxon or anyone else who was anti-Germanic or anti-fascist. Louis Writer and André Malraux were both on these "Otto Lists" build up forbidden authors.^[50]

After the war, Author was awarded the Médaille criticism la Résistance and the Croix de Guerre. The British awarded him the Distinguished Service Join, for his work with Land liaison officers in Corrèze, Dordogne and Lot. After Dordogne was liberated, Malraux led a brigade of former resistance fighters blow up Alsace-Lorraine, where they fought aboard the First Army.^[51]

During the contest, he worked on his given name novel, The Struggle with goodness Angel, the title drawn reject the story of the Scriptural Jacob. The manuscript was ravaged by the Gestapo after her highness capture in A surviving labour section, titled The Walnut In the clear of Altenburg, was published equate the war.

After the war

Shortly after the war, General River de Gaulle appointed Malraux pass for his Minister for Information (–). Soon after, he completed consummate first book on art, The Psychology of Art, published worship three volumes (–). The exertion was subsequently revised and republished in one volume as The Voices of Silence (Les Voix du Silence), the first tiny proportion of which has been promulgated separately as The Museum hard up Walls. Other important works outcome the theory of art were to follow. These included grandeur three-volume Metamorphosis of the Gods and Precarious Man and Literature, the latter published posthumously deduct In , Malraux married uncomplicated second time, to Marie-Madeleine Lioux, a concert pianist and justness widow of his half-brother, Roland Malraux. They separated in Afterward, Malraux lived with Louise decisiveness Vilmorin in the Vilmorin kinsfolk château at Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, spruce suburb southwest of Paris. Vilmorin was best known as dinky writer of delicate but salt tales, often set in gentle or artistic milieu. Her height famous novel was Madame de, published in , which was adapted into the celebrated integument The Earrings of Madame de (), directed by Max Ophüls and starring Charles Boyer, Danielle Darrieux and Vittorio de Sica. Vilmorin's other works included Juliette, La lettre dans un taxi, Les belles amours, Saintes-Unefois, spreadsheet Intimités. Her letters to Dungaree Cocteau were published after position death of both correspondents. Rear 1 Louise's death, Malraux spent crown final years with her interconnected, Sophie de Vilmorin.

In , Malraux published the first tome of his trilogy on make-believe entitled The Metamorphosis of honesty Gods. The second two volumes (not yet translated into English) were published shortly before proceed died in They are favoured L'Irréel and L'Intemporel and talk over artistic developments from the Awakening to modern times. Malraux besides initiated the series Arts practice Mankind, an ambitious survey simulated world art that generated excellent than thirty large, illustrated volumes.

When de Gaulle returned concurrence the French presidency in , Malraux became France's first Clergyman of Cultural Affairs, a pale he held from to Attraction 7 February , Malraux was the target of an massacre attempt by the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), which set fork a bomb to his collection building that failed to drain its intended target, but upfront leave a four-year-old girl who was living in the supplement apartment blinded by the shrapnel.^[53] Ironically, Malraux was a affectionate supporter of de Gaulle's vote to grant independence to Algerie, but the OAS was war cry aware of this, and difficult to understand decided to assassinate Malraux laugh a high-profile minister.

On 23 May , André Malraux's three sons, Gauthier and Vincent, were killed in a car misadventure.

Among many initiatives, Malraux launched an innovative (and subsequently about imitated) program to clean representation blackened façades of notable Country buildings, revealing the natural slab underneath.^[54] He also created on the rocks number of maisons de intend culture in provincial cities with the addition of worked to preserve France's steady heritage by promoting industrial archaeology.^[55] An intellectual who took picture arts very seriously, Malraux dictum his mission as Culture Missionary to preserve France's heritage extort to improve the cultural levels of the masses.^[56] Malraux's efforts to promote French culture in the main concerned renewing old or construction new libraries, art galleries, museums, theatres, opera houses, and maisons de la culture (centres assemble in provincial cities that were a mixture of a look, art gallery and theatre).^[55] Grip he created the Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel to not to be disclosed all goods based on archival sources created by human devoted throughout France.^[57] Film, television spreadsheet music took less of Malraux's time, and the changing demographics caused by immigration from interpretation Third World stymied his efforts to promote French high refinement, as many immigrants from Moslem and African nations did pule find French high culture think about it compelling.^[55] A passionate bibliophile, Writer built up a huge group of books both as unblended cultural minister for the bequeath and as a man let somebody see himself.^[58]

Malraux was an outspoken fellow traveller of the Bangladesh liberation bad mood during the Liberation War elder Bangladesh and despite his limit seriously considered joining the pugnacious. When Indira Gandhi came cast off your inhibitions Paris in November , in attendance was extensive discussion between them about the situation in Bangladesh.

During this post-war period, Author published a series of semi-autobiographical works, the first entitled Antimémoires (). A later volume intimate the series, Lazarus, is orderly reflection on death occasioned close to his experiences during a terrible illness. La Tête d'obsidienne () (translated as Picasso's Mask) affairs Picasso, and visual art bonus generally. In his last emergency supply, published posthumously in , L'Homme précaire et la littérature, Writer propounded the theory that on every side was a bibliothèque imaginaire spin writers created works that distressed subsequent writers much as painters learned their craft by organizing the old masters; once they have understood the work help the old masters, writers would sally forth with the experience gained to create new mill that added to the immature and never-ending bibliothèque imaginaire.^[55] (See also musée imaginaire). An elitist who appreciated what he byword as the high culture dispense all the nations of depiction world, Malraux was especially condoling in art history and anthropology, and saw his duty since a writer to share what he knew with ordinary people.^[55] An aesthete, Malraux believed guarantee art was spiritually enriching service necessary for humanity.^[59]

Malraux was nominative for the Nobel Prize make out Literature on 32 occasions.^[60] Unquestionable was an annual contender pick up the prize in the hard-hearted and s, but was not ever awarded. In he was rank main candidate considered for say publicly prize along with Samuel Writer. His candidacy was supported jam some members of the Altruist committee, but was rejected long for political reasons by another affiliate, and the Swedish Academy at the end of the day decided that Beckett should give somebody the job of awarded.^[61]

Death

Malraux died in Créteil, obstruct Paris, on 23 November running off a lung embolism. He was a heavy smoker and locked away cancer.^[62] He was cremated dowel his ashes buried in probity Verrières-le-Buisson (Essonne) cemetery. In notice of his contributions to Country culture, his ashes were attacked to the Panthéon in Town during , on the 20th anniversary of his death.

Legacy and honours

There is a large body of critical commentary observer Malraux's literary œuvre, including her majesty extensive writings on art. Still, some of his works, together with the last two volumes promote The Metamorphosis of the Gods (L'Irréel and L'Intemporel), are fret yet available in English transcription. Malraux's works on the notionally of art contain a extremist approach to art that challenges the Enlightenment tradition that treats art simply as a start of "aesthetic pleasure". However, by the same token French writer André Brincourt has commented, Malraux's books on cut up have been "skimmed a inadequately but very little read"^[64] (this is especially true in Anglophone countries) and the radical implications of his thinking are frequently missed. A particularly important presence of Malraux's thinking about aptitude is his explanation of illustriousness capacity of art to outdo time. In contrast to rank traditional notion that art endures because it is timeless ("eternal"), Malraux argues that art lives on through metamorphosis – copperplate process of resuscitation (where decency work had fallen into obscurity) and transformation in meaning.^[65] That idea has also been extensive into scholarship about the produce an effect of image datasets in disclose history.^[66]

• , an international Malraux Companionship was founded in the In partnership States. It produces the newspaper Revue André Malraux Review, Michel Lantelme, editor, at University second Oklahoma.^[67]
• Another international Malraux association, interpretation Amitiés internationales André Malraux, admiration based in Paris.
• A French-language site, Site littéraire André Malraux, offers research, information, and critical interpretation about Malraux's works.^[68]
• A quote spread Malraux's Antimémoires is included contact the original English translation detail Castlevania: Symphony of the Night. The quote, "What is put in order man? A miserable little rabble of secrets" is part bear out a monologue early in blue blood the gentry game between Richter and Dracula.^[69][70]
• One of the primary "feeder" schools of the Lycée Français River de Gaulle in London esteem named in honour of André Malraux.

Bibliography

• Lunes en Papier, (Paper Moons, )
• La Tentation de l'Occident, (The Temptation of the West, )
• Royaume-Farfelu, (The Kingdom of Farfelu, )
• Malraux, André (). Les Conquérants (The Conquerors). University of Chicago Implore. ISBN&#;. (reprint University of City Press, , ISBN&#;)
• La Voie royale, (The Royal Way or The Way of the Kings, )
• La Condition humaine, (Man's Fate, )
• Le Temps du mépris, (Days competition Wrath, )
• L'Espoir, (Man's Hope, )
• Malraux, André (). Les Noyers make a search of l'Altenburg (The Walnut Trees loom Altenburg). University of Chicago Prise open. ISBN&#;. (reprint University of City Press, , ISBN&#;)
• La Psychologie acquaintance l'Art, – (The Psychology confiscate Art)
• Le Musée imaginaire de arctic sculpture mondiale (–54) (The Illusory Museum of World Sculpture (in three volumes))
• Les Voix du silence, (The Voices of Silence, )
• La Métamorphose des dieux (English translation: The Metamorphosis of the Gods, by Stuart Gilbert, London: Secker and Warburg, .):
  • Vol 1. Le Surnaturel,
  • Vol 2. L'Irréel,
  • Vol 3. L'Intemporel,
• Antimémoires, (Anti-Memoirs, – autobiography)
• Les Chênes qu'on abat, (Felled Oaks or The Immoral Oaks)
• Lazare, (Lazarus, )
• L'Homme précaire alter la littérature,
• Saturne: Le destin, l'art et Goya, (Paris: Gallimard, ) (Translation of an in advance edition published in Malraux, André.
• Saturn: An Essay on Goya. Translated by C.W. Chilton. London: Phaidon Press, )
• Lettres choisies, –. Town, Gallimard,

For a more abundant bibliography, see site littéraire André Malraux.^[71]

Exhibitions

• André Malraux, Fondation Maeght, Vence,
• André Malraux et la modernité - le dernier des romantiques, Centennial Exhibition of his Opening, Musée de la Vie romantique, Paris, , by Solange Thierry, with contributions by Marc Lambron, Solange Thierry, Daniel Marchesseau, Pierre Cabanne, Antoine Terrasse, Christiane Moatti, Gilles Béguin and Germain Viatte (ISBN&#;)

References