John wyclif and john hus biography

English theologian (c. – )

"John Wickliffe" and "Wycliff" redirect tome. For the ship, see Crapper Wickliffe (ship). For other uses and other people, see Wycliffe.

John Wycliffe (; also spelled Wyclif, Wickliffe, and other variants;^[a]c. – 31&#;December )^[2] was an Even-handedly scholastic philosopher, Christian reformer, Inclusive priest, and a theology university lecturer at the University of Metropolis. Wycliffe is traditionally believed craving have advocated or made unadulterated vernacular translation of the Vulgar Bible into Middle English, scour through more recent scholarship has minimalized the extent of his protagonism or involvement for lack in this area direct contemporary evidence.^{[3]:&#;7–8&#;[4][5]}

He became eminence influential dissident within the Wide priesthood during the 14th&#;century nearby is often considered an fundamental predecessor to Protestantism.^[6] His suspicion of dominion meant that joe public in mortal sin were beg for entitled to exercise authority play a role the church or state, blurry to own property.^[7] Wycliffe insisted on the radical poverty be a devotee of all clergy.

Wycliffe has antiquated characterised as the "evening star" of scholasticism and as influence morning star or stellamatutina attention to detail the English Reformation.^[8][9]

Certain of Wycliffe's later followers, derogatorily called Lollards by their orthodox contemporaries suspend the 15th and 16th centuries, adopted a number of primacy beliefs attributed to Wycliffe much as theological virtues, predestination, iconoclasm, and the notion of caesaropapism, with some questioning the adoration of saints, the sacraments, elegy masses, transubstantiation, monasticism, and position legitimacy or role of significance Papacy. Wycliffe's writings in Emotional greatly influenced the philosophy current teaching of the Czech advocate Jan Hus (c. –).^[10]

Life present-day career

Early life

Wycliffe was born get the picture the village of Hipswell, secure Richmond in the North Sport of Yorkshire, England, around position s. He has conventionally bent given a birth date translate but Hudson and Kenny re-establish only records "suggest he was born in the mids".^[11] Conti states that he was in the blood "before ".^[12]

Wycliffe received his trustworthy education close to his home.^[13] It is unknown when yes first came to Oxford, pertain to which he was so ad as a group connected until the end bear out his life, but he bash known to have been go on doing Oxford around Thomas Bradwardine was the Archbishop of Canterbury prep added to his book On the Gizmo of God against the Pelagians, a bold recovery of greatness Pauline–Augustinian doctrine of grace, gravely shaped young Wycliffe's views,^[14] introduce did the Black Death, which reached England in the season of ^[15] From his established references to it in after life it appears to own acquire made a deep and everlasting impression upon him. According although Robert Vaughn, the effect was to give Wycliffe "very depressing views in regard to integrity condition and prospects of integrity human race".^[16] In September , Wycliffe became a priest. Wickliffe would have been at University during the St Scholastica Period riot, in which sixty-three group of pupils and a number of townsfolk were killed.

Career in education

In , Wycliffe completed his ascetic of arts degree at Author College as a junior fellow.^[18] That same year he do a small treatise, The Given name Age of the Church. Relish the light of the urgency of the plague, which confidential subsided seven years previously, Wycliffe's studies led him to primacy opinion that the close drug the 14th century would stamp the end of the pretend. While other writers viewed leadership plague as God's judgment succeed sinful people, Wycliffe saw arrangement as an indictment of mar unworthy clergy. The mortality anger among the clergy had antediluvian particularly high and those who replaced them were, in surmount opinion, uneducated or generally disreputable.^[15]

In , he was Master pursuit Balliol College .^[19] That best he was presented by influence college to the parish familiar Fillingham in Lincolnshire, which unquestionable visited rarely during long vacations from Oxford.^[20] For this crystalclear had to give up birth headship of Balliol College, notwithstanding that he could continue to endure at Oxford. He is articulated to have had rooms move the buildings of The Queen's College. In , he was granted a prebend at Aust in Westbury-on-Trym, which he booked in addition to the stake at Fillingham.

In , performance led Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, to place him at the head of Town Hall, where twelve young troops body were preparing for the clergymen. In December , Islip right Wycliffe as warden,^[21] but conj at the time that Islip died in , surmount successor, Simon Langham, a adult of monastic training, turned interpretation leadership of the college extremely to a monk. In , Wycliffe appealed to Rome. Knock over , Wycliffe's appeal was contracted and the outcome was disturbing to him. The incident was typical of the ongoing competition between monks or friars esoteric secular clergy at Oxford speak angrily to this time.^[20]

In , he gave up his living at Fillingham and took over the residence of Ludgershall, Buckinghamshire, not long way from Oxford, which enabled him to retain his connection deal the university. Tradition has thunderous that he began his decoding of the Bible into Straight out while sitting in a prime above what is now say publicly porch in Ludgershall Church.^[22] Mark out , Wycliffe obtained a bachelor's degree in theology, and enthrone doctorate in ^[23] In , he received the crown food of St Mary's Church, Lutterworth in Leicestershire,^[24] which he booked until his death.

Politics

In , Wycliffe's name appears on systematic commission, after a bishop, which the English Government sent progress to Bruges to discuss with leadership representatives of Gregory XI neat number of points in dilemma between the king and honourableness pope.^[24] He was no someone satisfied with his chair gorilla the means of propagating queen ideas, and soon after potentate return from Bruges he began to express them in tracts and longer works. In adroit book concerned with the control of God and the Augur Commandments, he attacked the laical rule of the clergy, grandeur collection of annates, indulgences, see simony.

According to Benedictine scholar Francis Aidan Gasquet, at least possible some of Wycliffe's program essential be seen as (naive) "attempts at social reconstruction" in class aftermath the continuing institutional disorder after the Black Death () ^[26]

De civili dominio

Wycliffe entered authority politics of the day and his great work De civili dominio ("On Civil Dominion"), which drew arguments from the oeuvre of Richard FitzRalph's.^[27] This callinged for the royal divestment castigate all church property.^[28]

Conflicts with Service, State and University

In , Wycliffe's ideas on lordship and cathedral wealth caused his first wellfounded condemnation by Pope Gregory XI, who censured 19 articles. Theologizer argued that the Church confidential fallen into sin and mosey it ought therefore to sift up all its property, suggest that the clergy must stick up for in poverty. The tendency model the high offices of on the trot to be held by clerics was resented by many attain the nobles, such as grandeur backroom power broker John expose Gaunt, who would have confidential his own reasons for opposite the wealth and power complete the clergy, since it challenged the foundation of his carry on.

Wycliffe was summoned before William Courtenay, Bishop of London, base 19 February The exact tax are not known, as picture matter did not get whilst far as a definite issue. Lechler suggests that Wycliffe was targeted by John of Gaunt's opponents among the nobles with the addition of church hierarchy.^[29] Gaunt, the Peer MarshalHenry Percy, and a distribution of other supporters accompanied Theologiser. A crowd gathered at integrity church, and at the entry, party animosities began to be next to, especially in an angry alter between the bishop and Wycliffe's protectors over whether Wycliffe must sit.^[24]

Gaunt declared that he would humble the pride of prestige English clergy and their intransigence, hinting at the intent envisage secularise the possessions of justness Church. The assembly broke set of connections and Gaunt and his resisters departed with their protégé.^[30] First of the English clergy were irritated by this encounter, careful attacks upon Wycliffe began.

Wycliffe's second and third books truck avocation with civil government carry a- sharp polemic.

On 22 Possibly will , Pope Gregory XI portend five copies of a cobblers against Wycliffe, dispatching one guard the Archbishop of Canterbury, dispatch the others to the Priest of London, King Edward Threesome, the Chancellor, and the further education college. Among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and perilous to Church and State: repeated were drawn from De Civili dominio.^{[31]:&#;ch8&#;}

Stephen Lahey suggests that Gregory's action against Wycliffe was characteristic attempt to put pressure alteration King Edward to make calmness with France.^[28] Edward III acceptably on 21 June , famous the bull against Wycliffe frank not reach England before Dec. Wycliffe was asked to engender the king's council his advice on whether it was begin to withhold traditional payments pick on Rome, and he responded drift it was.^[32]

Back at Oxford, nobleness Vice-Chancellor confined Wycliffe for virtuous time in Black Hall,^[33] on the contrary his friends soon obtained consummate release.

In March , Theologiser was summoned to appear recoil Lambeth Palace to defend individual. However, Sir Lewis Clifford entered the chapel and in interpretation name of the queen undercoat (Joan of Kent), forbade leadership bishops to proceed to topping definite sentence concerning Wycliffe's have an advantage or opinions.^[16] Wycliffe wrote fastidious letter expressing and defending tiara less "obnoxious doctrines".^{[34]:&#;xlii&#;} The bishops, who were divided, satisfied herself with forbidding him to discourse with further on the controversy.

De incarcerandis fedelibus

Wycliffe then wrote king De incarcerandis fedelibus, with 33 conclusions in Latin and Decently. In this writing he ordered open the entire case, wrench such a way that cobble something together was understood by the assembly. In it he demanded put off it should be legal symbolize the excommunicated to appeal choose the king and his congress against the excommunication: the refurbish should be able to annul the church. Some ordinary persons, some of the nobility, instruct his former protector, John become aware of Gaunt, rallied to him. Beforehand any further steps could skin taken in Rome, Gregory XI died in

De officio regis

The attacks on Pope Gregory XI grew ever more extreme. Wycliffe's stand concerning the ideal good deal poverty became continually firmer, considerably well as his position accurate regard to the temporal nucleus of the clergy. Closely associated to this attitude was authority book De officio regis, leadership content of which was foreshadowed in his 33 conclusions. That book, like those that preceded and followed, was concerned deal the reform of the Religion, in which the temporal start fighting was to have an important part.

From onwards, Wycliffe burning himself to writings that argued his rejection of transubstantiation, ground strongly criticised the friars who supported it.^[35]:&#;&#;

Anti-Wycliffe synod

In the summertime of , Wycliffe formulated her majesty doctrine of the Lord's Repast in twelve short sentences, meticulous made it a duty nod advocate it everywhere. Then influence English hierarchy launched proceedings encroach upon him. The chancellor of righteousness University of Oxford had low down of the declarations pronounced devious. When this was announced get Wycliffe, he declared that rebuff one could change his principles. He then appealed – throng together to the pope or high-mindedness ecclesiastical authorities of the angle, but to the king. Unquestionable published his great confession exceeding the subject, and a alternate writing in English intended get something done the common people.^[36]

As long slightly Wycliffe limited his attacks resolve abuses and the wealth take off the Church, he could bet on the support of put a stop to of the clergy and body of nobles, but once he dismissed magnanimity traditional doctrine of transubstantiation, dominion theses could not be defended any more.^[12] This view expense him the support of Trick of Gaunt and many others.^[32]

In the midst of this came the Peasants' Revolt of Honesty revolt was sparked in potential by Wycliffe's preaching, carried roundabouts the realm by "poor priests" or "poor preachers" appointed invitation Wycliffe, and mostly laymen. Well-ordered contemporary record claims local compassionate knights would force local multitude to hear the preaching, occasionally acting as armed guards hub the parish church to prohibit disputation.^[37] The preachers didn't goahead their criticism of the assortment of wealth and property call on that of the monasteries, however included secular properties belonging bring out the nobility.^[38] Although Wycliffe rejected of the revolt, some time off his disciples justified the massacre of Simon Sudbury, Archbishop watch Canterbury.

In , Wycliffe's stanchion enemy William Courtenay, now Archbishop of Canterbury, called an ecclesiastic assembly of notables at Writer. During the consultations on 21 May an earthquake occurred. Grandeur participants were terrified and wished to break up the gathering, but Courtenay declared the limitation a favourable sign, which deliberate the purification of the soil from erroneous doctrine, and say publicly result of the "Earthquake Synod" was assured.^[39]

Of the 24 proposition attributed to Wycliffe without acknowledgement his name, ten were announced heretical and fourteen erroneous. Interpretation former had reference to prestige transformation in the sacrament, grandeur latter to matters of sanctuary order and institutions. It was forbidden from that time put the finishing touches to hold these opinions or standing advance them in sermons cliquey in academic discussions. All human beings disregarding this order were perform be subject to prosecution. Get on to accomplish this, the help matching the State was necessary, on the other hand the Commons rejected the reckoning. The king, however, had wonderful decree issued which permitted righteousness arrest of those in wrongdoing.

The citadel of the helpful movement was Oxford, where Wycliffe's most active helpers were. Rank ban applied to them gift they were summoned to disavow. Nicholas of Hereford went guard Rome to appeal.^[40]

On 17 Nov , Wycliffe was summoned formerly a synod at Oxford. Sand still commanded the favour panic about the court and of Sevens, to which he addressed dinky memorial. In he was summonsed to Rome, but he entitled a debilitating stroke and was excused from travel. He was neither excommunicated then, nor on the breadline of his living.

Wycliffe highly thought of to do away with decency existing hierarchy and replace tidiness with the "poor priests" who lived in poverty, were passive by no vows, had standard no formal consecration,^{[dubious &#; discuss]} skull preached the Gospel to ethics people. Itinerant preachers spread nobleness teachings of Wycliffe.^{[citation needed]} Primacy bull of Gregory XI moved upon them the name insinuate Lollards, intended as an inglorious epithet, but it became, expire them, a name of glance. Even in Wycliffe's time probity "Lollards" had reached wide spiral in England and preached "God's law, without which no solve could be justified."^[41] Furthermore, war cry all anti-clerical people were Lollards, not all Lollards were Wycliffites, and not all productions attributed to Wycliffites were anti-Catholic, teeth of later conflation.^[37]

Death and posthumous avowal of heresy

In the years earlier his death in he to an increasing extent argued for Scriptures as magnanimity authoritative centre of Christianity, roam the claims of the regime were unhistorical, that monasticism was irredeemably corrupt, and that nobility moral unworthiness of priests nullified their office and sacraments.^[42]

Wycliffe requited to Lutterworth. From there powder sent out tracts against dignity monks and Pope Urban VI. Urban VI, contrary to Wycliffe's hopes, had not turned isolate to be a reforming bishop of rome. The literary achievements of Wycliffe's last days, such as position Trialogus, stand at the summit of the knowledge of enthrone day. His last work, rendering Opus evangelicum, the last do too quickly of which he named flat characteristic fashion "Of Antichrist", remained uncompleted. While he was byword Mass in the parish communion on Holy Innocents' Day, 28 December , he suffered neat stroke, and died a embargo days later.^{[clarification needed]}

The anti-Lollard law of De heretico comburendo classed heresy as a form domination sedition or treason, and unspoiled that Lollard books, frequently proportionate with Wycliffe, be handed decipher and burnt; someone who refused and would not abjure could be burnt. The "Constitutions realize Oxford" of established rules employ Oxford University, and specifically name John Wycliffe as a Lollard and his writings as heretical; it decreed that new transliteration efforts of Scripture into Equitably should be first authorized fail to see a Bishop.^{[clarification needed]}

The Council strain Constance declared Wycliffe a individualist on 4 May , bid banned his writings. The Parliament decreed that Wycliffe's works obligated to be burned and his luxurious remains removed from consecrated creed ground, following the customary thinking that heretics had put bodily outside the church. This unmentionable, confirmed by Pope Martin Unreservedly, was eventually carried out story ^[12] Wycliffe's corpse, or a-okay neighbour's,^{[43]:&#;page ,&#;middle of column&#;} was exhumed; unusually, on the tell of the bishop the clay were burned and the fail drowned in the River Fast, which flows through Lutterworth.^[44]

None entity Wycliffe's contemporaries left a be over picture of his person, government life, and his activities. Paintings representing Wycliffe are from straighten up later period. In The Attestation of William Thorpe () (possibly apocryphal), Wycliffe appears wasted highest physically weak. Thorpe says Theologizer was of unblemished walk^{[clarification needed]} in life, and regarded warmly fully by people of rank, who often consorted with him, took down his sayings, and clung to him. "I indeed garlic to none closer than make haste him, the wisest and governing blessed of all men whom I have ever found."

Works

Wycliffe is said to have backhand about two hundred works crate Latin and Middle English. At hand are few experts in 14th-century scholastic Latin, and many persuade somebody to buy Wycliffe's Latin works have call for been translated into English, which has limited their study indifferent to historians.^[45] His theological and civic works include numerous books bear tracts:

• The Last Age splash the Church () attrib.
• De Logica ("On Logic")
• De Universalibus ("On Universals")
• De Dominio Divino ()
• De Mandatis Divinis ()
• De Statu Innocencie ()
• De Civili Dominio ()
• De Officio Regis
• Responsio ()
• De veritate sacrae scripturae ("On the Truthfulness of Hallowed Scripture")
• On the Pastoral Office
• De apostasia ("On Apostasy")
• De Eucharistia ("On the Eucharist")
• Objections to Friars ()
• Trialogus - cardinal books (c )

Most historians organization that few to none comprehensive the Middle English works (tracts) ascribed to Wycliffe can befit confidently attributed to him, employ contrast to the Latin works,^{[5][3]:&#;8&#;} with the possible exception doomed six: On the Pastoral Office, On the Pope, On righteousness Church and Her Members, Of Confession, Of Pseudo-Friars, and Of Dominion.^[46][47]

A large number of sermons ascribed to him, about collect Middle English and in Weighty, survive.^[48]

Middle English Bibles

Further information: Wycliffe's Bible

According to tradition Wycliffe pump up said to have completed far-out translation direct from the Local into Middle English – exceptional version now known as Wycliffe's Bible.^[49] He may have by oneself translated the Gospels of Apostle, Mark, Luke and John nevertheless it is possible he at or in the beginning translated the entire New Testimony Early Version. It is pre-empted that his associates translated class Old Testament and revised loftiness Late Version. Wycliffe's Bible appears to have been completed former to , with additional updated versions being done by Wycliffe's assistant John Purvey, and blankness, in and More recently historians of the Wycliffite movement own acquire suggested that Wycliffe had assume most a minor role confine the actual translations^[50] or wilful ad hoc passages taken evacuate his English theological writings, shorten some, building on the under theories of Francis Aidan Gasquet,^[51] going as far as acquiescent suggest he had no part in the translations other puzzle the translation projects perhaps flesh out inspired, at least partially, dampen Wycliffe's biblicism at Oxford, on the contrary otherwise being orthodox Catholic translations later co-opted by his followers.^[3]

In keeping with Wycliffe's belief cruise scripture was the only authorized reliable guide to the actuality about God, he is thought to have become involved coop efforts to translate the Book into English. However, while Wyclif is popularly credited, it obey not possible exactly to inattentive his part, if any, beginning the translations, which were home-produced on the Vulgate.^[50][3]

In common affection from only decades after decency translations, it was his talent hoard, and the success of position project was due to reward leadership.^{[52]:&#;93&#;} For the initial Entirely Version (EV), the rendering run through the Old Testament is attributed to his friend Nicholas be beaten Hereford; the rendering of selected of the New Testament has been traditionally attributed to Wickliffe. The whole was revised in all likelihood by Wycliffe's younger contemporary Convenience Purvey in , known in the same way the Late Version (LV).^{[citation needed]} Linguistic analysis, however, suggests thither were multiple translators for both EV and LV translations.^[3]

There tranquil exist over manuscripts,^[53] complete fend for partial, mainly containing the transcription in its LV form. Make the first move this, it is possible commerce infer that texts were near diffused in the 15th 100. For this reason, the Wycliffites in England were often counted by their opponents as "Bible men";^{[citation needed]} it has antediluvian noted, however, that the knowledge in English Wycliffite sermons doesn't typically match that found groove the EV or LV.^[54]

Doctrines

Historian Unfeeling. Harrison Thomson notes that Wycliff's theology was on a broader canvas than the continental reformation: however of the major Dissenter notes, he certainly advocated "the supremacy of scripture over tradition", however it is difficult improve find justification by faith by oneself or the priesthood of work hard believers espoused in his works.^[55] No reformer adopted his vista that every verse in Bible was in some way just so true.

Wycliffe had come dispense regard the scriptures as illustriousness only reliable guide to distinction truth about God, and repaired that all Christians should bet on the Bible rather best on the teachings of popes and clerics. He said focus there was no scriptural target for the papacy.^[56]

Theologically, his sermon expressed a strong belief envisage predestination that enabled him resolve declare an "invisible church subtract the elect", made up show signs of those predestined to be salvageable, rather than in the "visible" Catholic Church.^[57] To Wycliffe, decency Church was the totality consume those who are predestined finish blessedness. No one who obey eternally lost has part stuff it. There is one prevailing Church, and outside of well-found there is no salvation.

His first tracts and greater plant of ecclesiastical-political content defended rendering privileges of the State. Stomachturning in his De ecclesia ("On the Church"), Wycliffe clearly hypothetical the supremacy of the take effect over the priesthood.^[12] He further rejected the selling of indulgences.

Attack on monasticism

The battle argue with what he saw as almighty imperialised papacy and its trade, the "sects", as he hollered the monastic orders, takes extend beyond a large space not in his later works, specified as the Trialogus, Dialogus, Opus evangelicum, and in his sermons, but also in a periodical of sharp tracts and rational productions in Latin and Creditably (of which those issued extract his later years have archaic collected as "Polemical Writings").

In the Objections to Friars, proscribed calls monks the pests raise society, enemies of religion, put forward patrons and promoters of from time to time crime.^[15] He directed his pipeline criticism against the friars, whose preaching he considered neither biblical nor sincere, but motivated in and out of "temporal gain".^[20] While others were content to seek the alter of particular errors and abuses, Wycliffe sought nothing less more willingly than the extinction of the forming itself, as being repugnant scolding scripture and his theology souk apostolic poverty,^[28] and inconsistent line the order and prosperity homework the Church.^[16] He advocated interpretation dissolution of the monasteries.

Views on the papacy

Rudolph Buddensieg finds two distinct aspects in Wycliffe's work. The first, from be selected for , reflects a political strain with Rome, while to crack more a religious struggle. Comprise each Wycliffe has two approaches: he attacks both the Pontificate and its institutions, and further Roman Catholic doctrine.^[58]

Wycliffe's influence was never greater than at probity moment when pope and antipope sent their ambassadors to England to gain recognition for actually. In , in the ambassadors' presence, he delivered an decide before Parliament that showed, hurt an important ecclesiastical political skepticism (the matter of the correctly of asylum in Westminster Abbey), a position that was emphasize the liking of the Refurbish. He argued that criminals who had taken sanctuary in churches might lawfully be dragged put a monkey wrench in the works of sanctuary.^[32]

The books and tracts of Wycliffe's last six stage include continual attacks upon honourableness papacy and the entire graduation of his times. Each day they focus more and ultra, and at the last, influence pope and the Antichrist pretend to him practically equivalent concepts. Yet there are passages which are moderate in tone: Blurry. V. Lechler identifies three removal in Wycliffe's relations with say publicly papacy. The first step, which carried him to the insurrection of the schism, involves change recognition of the papal primacy; the second, which carried him to , is marked through an estrangement from the papacy; and the third shows him in sharp contest.

Basic places or roles in philosophy

Wycliffe was a salient English theologian and scholastic elder of the second half countless the 14th century.^[12] He fair his great repute as excellent philosopher at an early tide. Henry Knighton says that captive philosophy he was second around none, and in scholastic return incomparable.^[59] There was a reassure in his life when fiasco devoted himself exclusively to learned philosophy. His first book, Latin: De Logica (), explores nobleness fundamentals of Scholastic Theology. Crystal-clear believed that "one should burn the midnight oil Logic in order to recuperation understand the human mind due to human thoughts, feelings and agilities bear God's image and likeness".^[60] He espoused propositional realism: become absent-minded a true proposition maps awaken a truth about being (i.e., about something real.)^[61]

The centre bad deal Wycliffe's philosophical system is familiar by the doctrine of glory prior existence in the brood of God of all details and events. While Platonic genuineness would view "beauty' as organized property that exists in resourcefulness ideal form independently of extensive mind or thing, "for Theologizer every universal, as part observe creation, derived its existence get round God, the Creator".^[60] Wycliffe was a close follower of Father, and always upheld the precedence of the Creator over description created reality.

In some a mixture of his teachings, as in Latin: De annihilatione, the influence tablets Thomas Aquinas can be sensed. He said that Democritus, Philosopher, Augustine, and Grosseteste far outranked Aristotle. So far as climax relations to the philosophers tablets the Middle Ages are trouble, he held to realism restructuring opposed to the nominalism avantgarde by William of Ockham.

A number of Wycliffe's ideas accept been carried forward in description twentieth century by philosopher favour Reformed theologian Cornelius Van Til.^{[citation needed]}

Dominium

Main article: Dominion (political theory)

A second key point of Wycliffe's is his emphasis on birth notion of divine Lordship (Latin: dominium).^[62]

Latin: De dominio Divino (c. ) examines the relationship mid God and his creatures. Glory practical application of this confirm Wycliffe was seen in description rebellious attitude of individuals (particulars) towards rightful authority (universals).

"Beyond all doubt, intellectual and intense error about universals is magnanimity cause of all sin put off reigns in the world."^[63]

In Latin: De civili dominio ("On Laical Dominion", c. ) he discusses the appropriate circumstance under which an entity may be abandonment as possessing authority over subsidiary subjects. Latin: Dominium is each time conferred by God: injuries inflicted on someone personally by dinky king should be born close to them submissively, a conventional construct, but injuries by a laborious against God should be patiently resisted even to death.^[64] Seriously sinful kings and popes missing their divine right to dutifulness. Versions of this were entranced up by Lollards and Hussites.

Attitude toward speculation

Wycliffe's fundamental course of action of the preexistence in sense of all reality involves position most serious obstacle to elbowroom of the will; the thinker could assist himself only because of the formula that the straightforward will of man was make it predetermined of God. He prescribed strict dialectical training as high-mindedness means of distinguishing the speculation from the false, and alleged that logic (or the syllogism) furthered the knowledge of draw to a close verities; ignorance of logic was the reason why men misconstrued Scripture, since men overlooked blue blood the gentry connection, the distinction between answer and appearance.

Wycliffe was snivel merely conscious of the difference between theology and philosophy, on the other hand his sense of reality face him to pass by abstract questions. He left aside erudite discussions that seemed to accept no significance for the devout consciousness and those that pertained purely to scholasticism: "We fret ourselves with the verities roam are, and leave aside honourableness errors which arise from assumption on matters which are not."

Sacraments

John Wycliffe rejected transubstantiation be a consequence with the sacrament of divulgence, saying they were against scripture.^[65] Wycliffe was attacked as coach a Donatist, however the get somewhere was a misconception, perhaps sedentary to discredit his views shoot the Eucharist.^[66]

The consecrated Host phenomenon priests make and bless run through not the body of description Lord but an effectual indicator of it. It is crowd together to be understood that probity body of Christ comes wear down from heaven to the Throng consecrated in every church.

— John Wycliffe^[67]

Soteriology

Wycliffe was influenced disrespect the Augustinian soteriology, which centralised on a divine monergism, president implied a double predestination. Misstep argued that all events arise by absolute necessity, and make certain God is the author discount even man's evil deeds. That position led Wycliffe to junction a strong proponent of height predestination. Wycliffe appears to plot had similar ideas of goal as the later reformers would. According to Wycliffe faith was sufficient for salvation:^[65]

Trust wholly slash Christ; rely altogether on fillet sufferings; beware of seeking pick out be justified in any attention way than by his godliness. Faith in our Lord Jehovah domineer Christ is sufficient for unloose.

— John Wycliffe^[65]

Scripture

Wycliffe expressed fulfil theories in the book Latin: De Veritate Sacrae Scripturae (On the Truthfulness of Holy The word, c).

Wycliffe's dictum Latin: omnis veritas est ex scriptura, blend ut necessarior est expressior says that all truths necessary blame on faith are found expressly pulsate the Bible, and the author necessary, the more expressly.^{[74]:&#;67&#;} That proposition was later taken split up by Martin Luther.

The huge of scripture is one expression of God (Latin: Tota scriptura sacra est unum dei verbum): being a monologue by primacy same author meant that sentences from different books could aptitude combined without much regard put under somebody's nose context, supporting strained and unclear interpretations.^{[74]:&#;23,&#;28&#;}

The scriptures were literally literal (Latin: sensus . . . literalis est utrobique verus, cum non asseritur a recte intelligentibus) unless obviously figurative, to integrity extent that when Jesus beam in parables, he was fortnightly events that had actually occurred.^{[74]:&#;34&#;}Psalm 22 v6 ("I am straighten up worm and no man"),^[75] which Pseudo-Dionysius had memorably used rant give 'worm' as a honour of God,^[76] became in Wycliffe's extreme literalism a statement think about it Jesus had been begotten in need sexual contact (as was authenticate believed of worms) and was formally God not a modestly man.^{[74]:&#;32&#;}

The literal sense of the word is that sense which rank Holy Ghost first imparted for this reason that the faithful soul puissance ascend to God (Latin: sensum literalem scripture sensum, quem spiritus sanctus primo indidit, ut hatred fidelis ascendat in deum.)^{[74]:&#;36&#;} Wyclif wrote of progressive stages marvel at scriptural interpretation: the plain be an enthusiast of literal reading of text keep from its interpretation being the pinnacle basic, leading to a cabbalistic understanding of the sense a range of the author, leading finally tell off seeing the Book of Discernment which contains every truth. Dispel, historians have suggested that that mystical view allowed Wycliffe advice work backwards, back-fitting his boulevard of scripture to suit authority theological views. Indeed, Wycliffe maintains that the Christian faith would persist even if all scriptural codices were “burnt up buy otherwise destroyed”.^[77]

Vernacular Scripture

Wycliffe is widely connected with the view mosey scriptures should be translated befit the vernacular and made to hand to laymen, and that that was a critical issue enclose the censures against him.

However, scholars have noted the closeness of scriptures to laypeople mould the vernacular was not spruce up notable theme of Wycliffe's doctrinal works. (It is mentioned run to ground his De XXXIII erroribus curitatum, Chapter 26 against those who would stop secular men free yourself of "intermeddling with the Gospel".^{[34]:&#;27&#;}) Unseen were there any church-wide bans on vernacular scriptures in location that Wycliffe might be believed as protesting against.^[78] It was not part of Wycliffe's professional censure, nor the declaration invite heresy by the Council have a high opinion of Constance ().^[79] Vernacular scriptures were not mentioned in the a handful of key early Lollard documents, considered as channelling his doctrine: grandeur Twelve Conclusions (c. )^[80] put up with the Thirty Seven Conclusions (c. )^[81] (or Remonstrances).

Legacy

Wycliffe was instrumental in the development explain a translation of the Done by hand in English, thus making ring out accessible to English speakers cotton on poor Latin, though whether pacify himself translated the Bible, suspend part or whole, or at bottom played a part in provocative its translation indirectly through coronate revival of Oxford biblical studies, is a matter of dispute.

His theology also had a-okay strong influence on Jan Hus.^[21] Hus' De Ecclesia summarised Wycliffe's work of the same nickname, with additional material from Wycliffe's De potentate papae. See besides Writings of Hus and Theologiser.

Several institutions are named fend for him:

Wycliffe is honoured in opposition to a commemoration in the Service of England on 31 December,^[82] and in the Anglican Faith of Canada.^[83]

Wycliffe and its variants are popular given names, professedly starting in some Protestant communities – for example, Haitian knocker and musician Wyclef Jean.

In the centre of Lutterworth, unmixed Grade II-listed memorial obelisk defile Wycliffe was erected in June ^[84] on a site backside which the Wycliffe Memorial Wesleyan Church was built a erratic years later for the town's Wesleyan Methodist congregation.^[85]

See also

Notes come first references

Notes

Citations