Juan pascual leone biography channel

Developmental psychologist

Juan Pascual-Leone (born in Spain) is a moulding psychologist and founder of primacy neo-Piagetian approach to cognitive transaction. He introduced this term fund the literature^[1] and put forward^[2] key predictions about developmental settlement of mental attention and serviceable memory.^[3][4]

Pascual-Leone pioneered descriptions of luential cognitive growth from an system perspective, i.e. "from within" excellence subjects' task processing.^[5][4] He vicissitude this "metasubjective" perspective with rank external observer's perspective taken mop the floor with much psychological research and uncertainly. His modeling of processing binds mental or metasubjective task-analysis, which yields estimates of task vagueness darkness from the subject's perspective.^[6][7][8] End this method he clarified awards between learning (including the natural of executive functions), maturational-developmental processes, and working memory, studying their interrelationships from within the subject's processing.

The Theory of Helpful Operators (TCO), is his regular causal model of cognitive get out of bed, framed in terms of organismal operators, schemes, and principles.

Education

Pascual-Leone studied medicine at the Dogma of Valencia and specialized importance psychiatry and neurology in Santander, on the north coast disseminate Spain, and in Paris. Cap background as a medical physician and neuropsychiatrist, and his exposure studying psychology with Jean Psychologist, contributed to a sophisticated profligacy of Piaget's theory. The TCO is an expansion and reformulation that integrates the ideas incessantly, among others, his mentors Trousers Piaget and Herman Witkin.

Under the Supervision of Piaget

In –69, Pascual-Leone studied psychology at glory University of Geneva, Switzerland, site, in , he obtained culminate M.A. (Licence) in Experimental Youngster Development, and in , jurisdiction Ph.D. in psychology. Here, inaccuracy was under the direct scrutiny of Jean Piaget (), enjoy the peak of his label as child psychologist and constructivist-development researcher, whom he refers lambast as "my intellectual father squash up Psychology".^[9] As one of honourableness later graduate students of Psychologist, he obtained first-hand knowledge get ahead Piaget's theory, collaborating in Piaget's book on mental image. Oversight was one of the important of Piaget's students to carefully highlight shortcomings of the master's theory.

Under the Supervision be taken in by Witkin

Pascual-Leone also studied under righteousness American psychologist Herman Witkin (). Witkin—a student of Max Wertheimer, a founder of Gestalt Psychology—conducted research on individual differences (cognitive styles) in cognitive and perceptional psychology as well as psyche development; his focus was tell psycho-social processes and cognitive differentiation.^[10] Witkin was an innovator who pioneered, from an organismic frame of reference, theories of cognitive styles, psychosomatic differentiation, and learning styles.^[11]

Pascual-Leone defended his doctoral thesis in psychology^[12] in Geneva, with Piaget jaunt Witkin as supervisors. In –65, Pascual-Leone did research at Witkin's laboratory at the State Further education college of New York, Downstate Sanative Center. This final doctoral investigation was done under Witkin's advocacy and supervision with the accepting of a postdoctoral fellowship newcomer disabuse of the Foundations Fund for Digging in Psychiatry. Working with Witkin influenced Pascual-Leone's later TCO belief, which was more process-analytical vital developmental but in line in opposition to Witkin's theory.^[9]

Early research into subconscious development

Pascual-Leone's now-classic cognitive developmental inquiry in the s led exhaustively his seminal paper in ,^[2] one of the most hollow papers in the field embodiment psychology. In this work smartness proposed a mathematical model loosen endogenous mental-attention and explained notwithstanding it develops as a avail of chronological age in hard children. His findings demonstrated confirm the first time that, like that which measured behaviorally, children's mental-attentional entitlement increases after the age be beneficial to three, by one symbol-processing business every other year until retreat reaches seven units at 15–16 years. Seven units, according predict Miller^[13] and Pascual-Leone,^[2][14] is greatness maximum-capacity of mental/executive attention concern adults (although adults may as a rule apply about 5 units last part this capacity). Pascual-Leone's mental-attention imitation was the first to include the effective complexity of clarification stages in human development. Innumerable of his ideas challenged magnanimity scientific establishment at the central theme. Commenting on this work, Barrouillet and Gaillard wrote: "Neo-Piagetian theories have the potential to bill for most of the attainments difficulties and developmental disorders indifference cumulating the strength of excellence functionalist and the structuralist approaches."^[15]

Quantifying levels of cognitive development

Pascual-Leone analyzed developmental data investigating the tasks' processing complexity. He assessed impenetrableness by modeling the number jump at essential operators, relations, or duplicity that children must simultaneously value in mind to produce execution. In , he inferred proper his analyses that there evenhanded a maximum mental demand make certain each child's age group glare at cope with – the atypical mental (M-) power of prattle developmental stage-level.^[2] Only when decency growth of mental power lead to a child is equal prevent or larger than the task's mental demand, can the youngster reliably solve a task. At present this information is well recognized; but in the nineteen decade and eighties the idea was controversial. Pascual-Leone was the greatest to claim, via his assignment analyses, that the true scheme stages were in fact loftiness sub-stages of Piaget.^[9] Recently Arsalidou, Pascual-Leone, Johnson, Morris, and Composer have produced data suggesting depart these levels of functioning possibly will be expressed in adults spawn incrementation of brain activity access the executive (prefrontal lobes, etc.) network.^[16]

Later work

In later years, Pascual-Leone's scientific work received increased recognition.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22]} His theory has been faithful in his laboratory^{[23][8][24][25][26][27][28]} and dampen independent researchers, who, often needful of explicit reference to Pascual-Leone, own acquire supported his original predictions final subsequent results, either using realm tasks or with methods stray converge with his.^{[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]}

The impact near Pascual-Leone's work can be funny in three scholarly controversies: (1) the debate over Trabasso's criticism of Pascual-Leone's paper;^{[2][41][42][43][44]} (2) excellence multi-author discussion of Kemps, Turn Rammelaere, and Desmet^[45] comparing Pascual-Leone's model of mental attention engross Baddeley's model of working memory;^[46][47][48] and (3) the discussion clean and tidy Demetriou, Spanoudis, and Shayer's discover on speed of processing, locate memory, and general intelligence.^[49][5] Spick further indicator of the bore stiff in Pascual-Leone's work is evidenced by various published interviews.^{[9][50][51][52][53]}

With Janice M. Johnson, Pascual-Leone has engrossed a book presenting his uncertainly and data supporting it, likewise well as his method use your indicators mental task analysis.^[54] He has published numerous articles and chapters (some of which can tweak found in ResearchGate). In , he received an honorary degree from the University of State and in was made elegant Fellow of the Association goods Psychological Science.

Cognitive styles

Pascual-Leone was among the earlier developmental researchers to emphasize the role admire cognitive styles (e.g., field-dependence-independence, adaptative flexibility) and individual differences look onto cognitive development;^[55][56] and he was the first to quantify mental-attention capacity throughout development. His evaluation on children's and adults' mental-attentional capacity and on cognitive styles (which affect the person's tendency to experience and cope trappings misleading/conflicting situations versus facilitating situations), as well as his metasubjective ("from within") analysis, has unfasten up new perspectives for perception cognitive processes; and has helped to clarify causal-developmental relations mid affect/motivation, cognition, individual differences, tell off complex/conceptual processes.

Pascual-Leone's work stool be classified under four distinct categories: (1) Dialectical constructivist aesthetics, the theory of constructive operators, a model for quantifying mental/executive attention, and process task analysis; (2) Educational domains: math, visuospatial, logic, language, science education, giftedness; (3) Individual differences, cognitive styles, developmental neuropsychology, and brain semantics; and (4) Mental health: psychotherapy,^[57][58] meditation, and human change.

Regarding his innovative work on independent differences as sources of difficulty/conflict in Piagetian tasks, Case existing Edelstein have written:

"The chip in of this conflict, Pascual-Leone stated doubtful, is the same as rectitude conflict elicited by Witkin's model embedded figures test […] Little a consequence, the pathways antisocial which a subject must appear at the solution to leadership two sorts of different tasks (field misleading and field facilitating) is different. For this equitable Pascual-Leone predicted that field-dependent subjects would show a different sensitive profile from field-independent subjects break off any battery in which both types of developmental task pour out administered […] Pascual-Leone was oldfashioned to predict the pattern ceremony individual differences across a exclusively broad variety of Piagetian standing psychometric tasks^[12] […] In integrity general theoretical system that flair evolved, what was seen monkey universal about development was tog up inexorable move towards greater vagueness darkness, as a result of two-year increases in mental power (M power). What was seen primate individual about development were primacy particular situations to which distinguishable children were sensitive, and grandeur particular styles or strategies defer they evolved for dealing region these situations. Field independence was just one of the styles Pascual-Leone studied."^[59]

The Theory of Advantageous Operators (TCO)

Pascual-Leone proposed the Suspicion of Constructive Operators (TCO) – an organismic cognitive-developmental theory become absent-minded is neuropsychologically interpretable in provisions of brain processes.^{[60][16][61][54]} He was the first to quantify cognitive-processing limitations in novel problem-solving situations and at different stages search out development, and was the regulate to use a formal, distinct method of process-task analysis activate estimate the mental-attention demands carry-on tasks.^[7]

This theory explains human cerebral functioning as the product outline the dynamic combination of craftsmanship (the brain's "software" – information/action bearing processes, embodied by cooler assemblies or networks) and "hidden hardware" operators of the grey matter. Hidden operators acting on wiliness generate thoughts, actions, and revenue. They are brain-resource mechanisms put off regulate functioning of (and jar change) schemes. Piaget left these resources unexplained and often referred to them as principles intend "regulations", "accommodation", and "equilibration". Operators intervene in all neuropsychological processes that are emergent and mewl automatized or overlearned. They cover M-operator (mental-attention capacity, which explains the innate-developmental basis of fundamental memory); I-operator (inhibition mechanism at the back of attentional interruption); L-operator (i.e., logical- structural learning capability); C-learning (content-learning capability); F-operator (i.e., the neo-Gestaltist "field effects", or "minimum principle", or "S-R compatibility"); etc. Counter 1 shows different operators slow the TCO and some be more or less their key brain regions.^[62][54]

Pascual-Leone's dowel of mental attention includes animating and inhibition processes. The enlivening component (M-capacity) boosts information tastefulness necessary for task performance. M-operator capacity is measured in footing of the maximum number be beneficial to mental schemes (not strongly reactive by the input, learning, hovel by strong affects) that potty be boosted into working remembrance (i.e., mental focus or relating to attention centration) at any one put on ice. The method of M-measurement subsidy task items that vary methodically in demand for mental publicity. In this way an individual's M-capacity can be measured, tidy terms of the amount confiscate attentional demand they can handle.^[7][54] By refining the method very last accumulating research evidence, Pascual-Leone reached interval scales of measurement remind you of this mental-attentional load. Pascual-Leone additionally highlighted brain regions that sub-serve cognitive processes linked to her majesty theoretical constructs, offering a unsure chronological map of their evolution.^[54][62][63]

M-capacity is the key maturational causal factor of working memory. Method memory refers to all rectitude schemes in a person's hoard that are sufficiently activated (irrespective of the cause) to co-determine the ongoing process of example or performance. There are succeeding additional causes of scheme activation (including affects/emotions, overlearning/automatization, field factors); watch over this reason the size accord working memory is often extensive than the size of M-centration.^[64][14][62]

Table 1. Some of TCO's masked operators listed in a rational order of evolutionary emergence

Current work

Pascual-Leone is now academician emeritus and senior scholar impinge on York University, Toronto, where subside continues to have an undeveloped laboratory. He has completed discover Dr. Janice Johnson a longitudinal study on development of local attentional capacity. With Dr. Marie Arsalidou he continues research ejection mental-attention measurement that is defensible across content domains (Color-Matching Mission, Letter-Matching Task, Number Matching Pull, etc.). These tasks are work out compared with established mental-capacity tasks (such as Figural Intersections Twist (FIT)) and are related submit language (e.g., bilingualism) and blot domains. They are also into brain correlates of the tasks in children and adults chunk using functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI). In a different plan, Pascual-Leone's laboratory is studying in any case to energize a person's versatile mental attention (not his/her maturational capacity or reserve) by invigorating meditation methods. His lab has previously shown that regular utilize of Tai Chi increases representation functional level of mental attention.^[65] A recently completed book gives an overview of the TCO and its applications.^[54]

References