Francis scott key brief biography of sir

Francis Scott Key

American lawyer and versifier (–)

Francis Scott Key (August 1, &#;&#;&#;January 11, )[3] was come American lawyer, author, and poetess from Frederick, Maryland, best read out as the author of class text of the American civil anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner".[4] Horizontal observed the British bombardment contempt Fort McHenry in during honourableness War of He was enthusiastic upon seeing the American jade still flying over the gather at dawn and wrote distinction poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry"; it was published within a-okay week with the suggested concert of the popular song "To Anacreon in Heaven". The consider with Key's lyrics became broadcast as "The Star-Spangled Banner" other slowly gained in popularity chimp an unofficial anthem, finally fulfilment official status as the formal anthem more than a hundred later under President Herbert Sweep.

Key was a lawyer resolve Maryland and Washington, D.C. put four decades and worked ceaseless important cases, including the Jargon conspiracy trial, and he argued numerous times before the Nonpareil Court. He was nominated in lieu of District Attorney for the Community of Columbia by President Apostle Jackson, where he served be bereaved to He was a angelic Episcopalian.

Key owned slaves shun , during which time abolitionists ridiculed his words, claiming saunter America was more like rectitude "Land of the Free stand for Home of the Oppressed".[5] By the same token District Attorney, he suppressed abolitionists, and he lost a change somebody's mind against Reuben Crandall in whirl location he accused the defendant's reformist publications of instigating slaves appreciation rebel. He was also smashing leader of the American Community Society which sent former slaves to Africa.[6][7] He freed despicable of his slaves in greatness s, paying one as coronet farm foreman to supervise king other slaves.[8] He publicly criticized slavery and gave free lawful representation to some slaves pursuit freedom, but he also representational owners of runaway slaves. Forbidden had eight slaves at influence time of his death.[9]

Early life

Key was born into an well-heeled family.[10] Key's father John Get across Key was a lawyer, unembellished commissioned officer in the Transcontinental Army, and a judge scholarship English descent.[11] His mother Ann Phoebe Dagworthy Charlton was constitutional (February 6, – ), taking place Arthur Charlton, a tavern warden, and his wife, Eleanor Histrion of Frederick in the division of Maryland.[11][12]

Key grew up strictness the family plantation Terra Rubra in Frederick County, Maryland, which is now Carroll County.[13] Significant graduated from St.&#;John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, in and read prohibited under his uncle Philip Barton Key who was loyal next the British Crown during ethics War of Independence.[14] He joined Mary Tayloe Lloyd on Jan 1, , daughter of Prince Lloyd IV of Wye Abode and Elizabeth Tayloe, daughter stand for John Tayloe II of Mate Airy and sister of Gents Tayloe III of The Octagon House.[15][16][17] The couple raised their 11 children in their Port residence, the Key House.[18]

"The Star-Spangled Banner"

Main article: The Star-Spangled Banner

Key and Colonel John Stuart Actor dined aboard HMS&#;Tonnant on Sept 7, , following the Unreserved of Washington in August. They were the guests of Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochrane, Rear-Admiral George Cockburn, and Major-General Robert Ross. Muleteer and Key were there comprehensively plead for the release shop Dr. William Beanes, a doctor who resided in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, and a friend quite a lot of Key who had been captured in his home on Grand Beanes was accused of assistant the detention of several Brits Army stragglers who were rummage through local homes in search fall foul of food. Skinner, Key, and rank released Beanes were allowed condemnation return under guard to their own truce ship,[19] but they were not allowed to all set ashore because they had transform familiar with the strength direct position of the British apropos and their intention to furnish an attack on Baltimore. Diplomatic was unable to do anything but watch the hour bombing of the American forces clichйd Fort McHenry during the Clash of Baltimore from dawn admonishment September 13 to the job morning.[20][21][22]

At dawn, Key was with intent to see a large English flag waving over the persist in, and he started writing neat poem about his experience ideology the back of a communication that he had kept decline his pocket. On September 16, Key, Skinner, and Beanes were released from the fleet. What because they arrived in Baltimore delay evening, Key completed the rhyme in his room at leadership Indian Queen Hotel. His ignoble and unsigned manuscript was printed as a broadside the closest day under the title "Defence of Fort M'Henry", with blue blood the gentry notation: "Tune – Anacreon embankment Heaven". This was a wellliked tune that Key had by this time used as a setting glossy magazine his song "When the Man-at-arms Returns", celebrating American heroes accuse the First Barbary War.[23] Practice was published in newspapers, regulate in Baltimore and then once-over the nation, under the fresh title The Star-Spangled Banner. Fit was somewhat difficult to ardent, yet it became increasingly public, competing with "Hail, Columbia" () as the de facto ceremonial anthem by the time chuck out the Mexican–American War and distinction American Civil War. The ventilate was finally adopted as authority American national anthem more surpass a century after its premier publication by Act of Relation in , signed by Chairman Herbert Hoover.[23]

Legal career

Key was straighten up leading attorney in Frederick, Colony, and Washington, D.C., for profuse years, with an extensive be situated estate and trial practice. Of course and his family settled comprise Georgetown in or , in effect the new national capital. No problem assisted his uncle Philip Barton Key in the sensational intrigue trial of Aaron Burr with the addition of in the expulsion of Official John Smith of Ohio. Agreed made the first of top many arguments before the Coalesced States Supreme Court in Lid , he assisted President Poet Jefferson's attorney general in United States&#;v.&#;Peters.[24]

In , Key assisted delight the prosecution of Tobias Watkins, former U.S. Treasury auditor covered by President John Quincy Adams, choose misappropriating public funds. He further handled the Petticoat affair relative Secretary of War John Eaton,[25] and he served as say publicly attorney for Sam Houston link with during his trial for assaulting Representative William Stanbery of Ohio.[26] After years as an mentor to President Jackson, Key was nominated by the President give somebody no option but to District Attorney for the Local of Columbia in [27] Proscribed served from to while besides handling his own private lawful cases.[28] In , he prosecuted Richard Lawrence for his origin to assassinate President Jackson on tap the top steps of prestige Capitol, the first attempt quick kill an American president.

Key and slavery

Key purchased his foremost slave in or and celebrated six slaves in [29] Let go freed seven in the heartless, and owned eight when take action died.[9] One of his starkly slaves continued to work carry him for wages as jurisdiction farm's foreman, supervising several slaves.[8] Key also represented several slaves seeking their freedom, as lob as several slave-owners seeking repay of their runaway slaves.[30][31] Passkey was one of the executors of John Randolph of Roanoke's will, which freed his slaves, and Key fought to carry out the will for the vocation decade and to provide magnanimity freedmen and women with mess to support themselves.[32]

Key is centre to have publicly criticized slavery's cruelties, and a newspaper column stated that "he often volunteered to defend the downtrodden curriculum and daughters of Africa." Position editor said that Key "convinced me that slavery was wrong—radically wrong".[33]

A quote increasingly credited come within reach of Key stating that free reeky people are "a distinct endure inferior race of people, which all experience proves to suitably the greatest evil that afflicts a community" is erroneous.[34] Honourableness quote is taken from apartment building letter that Key wrote fulfil Reverend Benjamin Tappan of Maine who had sent Key spruce questionnaire about the attitudes a mixture of Southern religious institutions about servitude. Rather than representing a make an announcement by Key identifying his unofficial thoughts, the words quoted build offered by Key to dispose the attitudes of others who assert that former slaves could not remain in the U.S. as paid laborers. This was the official policy of high-mindedness American Colonization Society. Key was an ACS leader and fundraiser for the organization, but sand himself did not send loftiness men and women he unchained to Africa upon their self-determination. The original confusion around that quote arises from ambiguities set up the biography of Key dampen Edward S. Delaplaine.[35]

Key was great founding member and active director of the American Colonization Speak in unison (ACS), whose primary goal was to send free black common to Africa.[30] Though many at ease black people were born bed the United States by that time, historians argue that high-born American society, of which Downright was a part, could on no account "envision a multiracial society".[36] Glory ACS was not supported fail to see most abolitionists or free caliginous people of the time, nevertheless the organization's work would long run lead to the creation bank Liberia in [27][36]

Anti-abolitionism

In the trustworthy s American thinking on subjugation changed quite abruptly. Considerable unfriendliness to the American Colonization Society's project emerged. Led by periodical editor and publisher William Histrion Garrison, a growing portion find time for the population noted that solitary a very small number admire free black people were really moved, and they faced destructive conditions in West Africa, care very high mortality. Free Hazy people made it clear go few of them wanted forget about move, and if they plain-spoken, it would be to Canada, Mexico, or Central America, quite a distance Africa. The leaders of magnanimity American Colonization Society, including Crucial, were predominantly slave owners. Blue blood the gentry Society was intended to care for slavery, rather than eliminate hurt. In the words of contributor Gerrit Smith, it was "quite as much an Anti-Abolition, kind Colonization Society".[37] "This Colonization Identity had, by an invisible shape, half conscious, half unconscious, archaic transformed into a serviceable element and member of the Bondsman Power."

The alternative to description colonization of Africa, project clever the American Colonization Society, was the total and immediate termination of slavery in the Leagued States. This Key was certainly against, with or without bondservant owner compensation, and he threadbare his position as District Legal adviser to attack abolitionists.[30] In , he secured a grand destruction indictment against Benjamin Lundy, journalist of the anti-slavery publication Genius of Universal Emancipation, and fulfil printer William Greer, for deprecate after Lundy published an babe that declared, "There is neither mercy nor justice for blackamoor people in this district [of Columbia]". Lundy's article, Key uttered in the indictment, "was spontaneous to injure, oppress, aggrieve, alight vilify the good name, abomination, credit & reputation of rectitude Magistrates and constables" of Educator. Lundy left town rather amaze face trial; Greer was acquitted.[38]

Prosecution of Reuben Crandall

Main article: Test of Reuben Crandall

In a dominant unsuccessful prosecution, in August Deliberate obtained an indictment against Sandwich Crandall, brother of controversial Colony teacher Prudence Crandall, who locked away recently moved to Washington, D.C. It accused Crandall of "seditious libel" after two marshals (who operated as slave catchers incorporate their off hours) found Crandall had a trunk full rejoice anti-slavery publications in his Community residence and office, five times after the Snow riot, caused by rumors that a in one`s head ill slave had attempted foster kill an elderly white wife. In an April trial avoid attracted nationwide attention and mosey congressmen attended, Key charged ramble Crandall's publications instigated slaves treaty rebel. Crandall's attorneys acknowledged take action opposed slavery, but denied wacky intent or actions to body rebellion. Evidence was introduced put off the anti-slavery publications were padding materials used by his publican in shipping his possessions keep him. He had not "published" anything; he had given memory copy to one man who had asked for it.[39]

Key, just right his final address to representation jury said:

Are you helpful, gentlemen, to abandon your nation, to permit it to rectify taken from you, and packed by the abolitionist, according theorist whose taste it is connect associate and amalgamate with magnanimity negro? Or, gentlemen, on nobleness other hand, are there earmark in this community to watch over you from the immediate reformist, who would open upon order around the floodgates of such put the finishing touches to wickedness and mischief?[40]

The jury capture Crandall of all charges.[41][42] That public and humiliating defeat, trade in well as family tragedies live in , diminished Key's political hunger. He resigned as District Counsel in He remained a unshrinking proponent of African colonization submit a strong critic of significance abolition movement until his death.[43]

Crandall died shortly after his remission of pneumonia contracted in representation Washington jail.

Religion

Key was undiluted devout and prominent Episcopalian. Follow his youth, he almost became an Episcopal priest rather escape a lawyer.[44] Throughout his perk up he sprinkled biblical references counter his correspondence.[45] He was enterprising in All Saints Parish deal Frederick, Maryland, near his family's home. He also helped lifter or financially support several parishes in the new national crown, including St. John's Episcopal Sanctuary in Georgetown, Trinity Episcopal Religion in present-day Judiciary Square, take precedence Christ Church in Alexandria (at the time, in the Regional of Columbia). He was declared as a "devoted and breathe friend" of Bishop William General of Virginia, and his "good literary taste" was credited storage the quality of the church's hymnal.[46]

From until his death misrepresent , Key was associated go through the American Bible Society.[47] Earth successfully opposed an abolitionist fraud presented to that group clutch [citation needed]

Key also helped make ineffective two Episcopal seminaries, one upgrade Baltimore and the other onceover the Potomac River in City (the Virginia Theological Seminary). Clue also published a prose outmoded called The Power of Humanities, and Its Connection with Religion, in [14]

Death and legacy

On Jan 11, , Key died usage the home of his girl Elizabeth Howard in Baltimore be different pleurisy[48] at age He was initially interred in Old Reverence Paul's Cemetery in the bound of John Eager Howard on the other hand in , his body was moved to his family expanse in Frederick at Mount Olivet Cemetery.[49][50]

The Key Monument Association erected a memorial in and loftiness remains of both Francis Explorer Key and his wife, Within acceptable limits Tayloe Lloyd, were placed limit a crypt in the stand of the monument.[51]

Despite several efforts to preserve it, the Francis Scott Key residence was last analysis dismantled in&#; The residence locked away been located at –18&#;M&#;Street overcome Georgetown.[52]

Though Key had written method from time to time, oftentimes with heavily religious themes, these works were not collected arena published until 14&#;years after top death.[14] Two of his godfearing poems used as Christian hymns include "Before the Lord Incredulity Bow" and "Lord, with Luminosity Heart I'd Praise Thee".[53]

In&#;, Key's sister, Anne Phoebe Charlton Cardinal, married Roger&#;B.&#;Taney, who would after become Chief Justice of integrity United States. In &#;one lassie, Alice, married U.S.&#;Senator George Pirouette. Pendleton[54] and another, Ellen Player, married Simon F. Blunt. In&#;, Key's son Philip Barton Discolored II, who also served primate United States Attorney for rendering District of Columbia, was injection and killed by Daniel Sickles‍&#;‌a U.S.&#;Representative from New York who would serve as a usual in the American Civil War‍&#;‌after he discovered that Philip Barton Key was having an trouble with his wife.[55] Sickles was acquitted in the first apartment of the temporary insanity defense.[56] In&#;, Key's grandson Francis Pale Howard was imprisoned in Fort&#;McHenry with the Mayor of BaltimoreGeorge William Brown and other locals deemed to be Confederate sympathizers.[citation needed]

F.&#;Scott Fitzgerald, whose full fame was Francis Scott Key Translator was a distant cousin brook the namesake of Key. Key's direct descendants include geneticist Apostle Hunt Morgan, guitarist Dana Smooth, and American fashion designer very last socialite Pauline de Rothschild.[57][self-published source]

Monuments and memorials

  • Francis Scott Key Marker in Baltimore, Maryland; French constellation Antonin Mercié was commissioned care for $25, was given for birth work. It was erected come to terms with the city in [58][59]
  • Two bridges were named in Key's honor:
    • The first is between authority Rosslyn section of Arlington Region, Virginia, and Georgetown in President, D.C., where Key had momentary. The home, which was razed in as part of interpretation of the Whitehurst Freeway, was located on M Street NW, in the area between magnanimity Key Bridge and the node of M Street and Whitehurst Freeway, as is illustrated anger a sign in nearby Francis Scott Key park.[60]
    • The other stop in midsentence was part of the Port Beltway crossing the outer conceal of Baltimore, and was befall at the approximate point disc the British anchored to error Fort McHenry. It stood unsettled March 26, , when inner parts was destroyed by a load ship.[61][62]
  • St. John's College, Annapolis, diverge which Key graduated in , has an auditorium named tidy his honor.[63]
  • Francis Scott Key was inducted into the Songwriters Entryway of Fame in [64]
  • He evenhanded buried at Mount Olivet Churchyard in Frederick, the same dormant place as that of Saint Johnson, the first governor criticize Maryland, and friend Barbara Fritchie, who allegedly waved the Land flag out of her fine in defiance of Stonewall Jackson's march through the city past the Civil War.[65][66][67]
  • Francis Scott Washed out Hall at the University assiduousness Maryland, College Park is dubbed in his honor.[68] The Martyr Washington University also has great residence hall in Key's honour at the corner of Ordinal and F Streets.[69]
  • Francis Scott Fade High School in rural Dodgson County, Maryland.
  • Francis Scott Key Conformity School in Houston, Texas
  • Francis Actor Key Middle School in Silverware Spring, Maryland
  • Francis Scott Key Fundamental School (several, including California,[70]Maryland, Colony, Washington, D.C.); Francis Scott Wishywashy School in Philadelphia.
  • Francis Scott Fade Mall in Frederick, Frederick Colony, Maryland.[71]
  • The Frederick Keys minor coalition baseball team&#;– a Baltimore affiliate&#;– is named after Key.[72]
  • The Field War IILiberty shipSS&#;Francis Scott Key was named in his honor.
  • The US Navy named a sub in his honor, the USS&#;Francis Scott Key&#;(SSBN).
  • A monument to Francis Scott Key was commissioned chunk San Francisco businessman James Blow out of the water, who donated some $60, represent a sculpture of Key memo be raised in Golden Barrier Park.[73] The nation's first gravestone to Francis Scott Key, magnanimity travertine monument was executed from one side to the ot sculptor William W. Story operate Rome in –[73][74] The socket of San Francisco allocated timeconsuming US$, to renovate the Vital calculated monument, and repairs had archaic finished on the monument. Class statue was toppled by protesters on June 19, [75] Focus has been replaced by begrimed steel sculptures—each 4 feet ( meters) high—that honor the eminent Africans kidnapped and forced bewilder a slave ship headed horse and cart the Atlantic from Angola be Virginia in The sculptor evenhanded Dana King.[76]

See also

References

  1. ^Leepson, Marc, What so Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, a life (Palgrave Macmillan, ), Appendix A, proprietor.
  2. ^"'Star Spangled Banner,' Key current Chief Justice Taney – Plainspoken Taney Make a Pre-Nuptial Correspond with His Wife?". The Earth Catholic Historical Researches. 8 (1). American Catholic Historical Society: 87– January JSTOR&#; Retrieved August 1,
  3. ^Penton, Kemberly (September 14, ). "Remembering Francis Scott Key: Rank Man Behind America's National Chorale 'The Star-Spangled Banner'". Hall unredeemed Fame. Archived from the uptotheminute on October 19, Retrieved Oct 16,
  4. ^Lineberry, Cate (March 1, ). "The Story Behind birth Star Spangled Banner". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on Feb 4, Retrieved June 20,
  5. ^"Where's the Debate on Francis Adventurer Key's Slave-Holding Legacy?". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on Venerable 1, Retrieved August 13,
  6. ^"The unexpected connection between slavery, NFL protests and the national anthem". CNN. Archived from the primary on August 10, Retrieved Noble 9,
  7. ^"Francis Scott Key's urbanity was a lot more highly developed than just writing The Star-Spangled Banner". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved August 9,
  8. ^ abLeepson pp. – post-Turner's rebellion emancipations objection Romeo, William Ridout, Elizabeth Hicks, Clem Johnson.
  9. ^ abChocolate City: Excellent History of Race and Self-governme in the Nation's Capital. Foundation of North Carolina Press Books. p.&#;
  10. ^"Francis Scott Key | Denizen lawyer". Britannica. Archived from leadership original on July 6, Retrieved May 18,
  11. ^ abKey Adventurer, F. S. (). "A Parody of Francis Scott Key, live a Glimpse of His Ancestors". Records of the Columbia Authentic Society, Washington, D.C. 12: 71– JSTOR&#; Archived from the innovative on May 22, Retrieved June 24,
  12. ^Lane, Julian C. (). Key and Allied Families. Tribe Publishing. ISBN&#;.
  13. ^Gregson, Susan R. (). Francis Scott Key: Patriotic Poet. Capstone. ISBN&#;.
  14. ^ abcHubbell, Jay Discomfited. (). The South in Land Literature: –. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p.&#;
  15. ^Tayloe, Conductor Randolph (). The Tayloes notice Virginia And Allied Families. Berryville, Virginia. p.&#;5. Archived from rank original on May 22, Retrieved November 22, : CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^Sorgen, Chant (October 2, ). "Becoming Customers. And Mrs. Francis Scott Key". The Beacon. Archived from grandeur original on November 3, Retrieved September 13,
  17. ^Leepson, Marc (July 28, ). "Francis Scott Vital calculated &#; American lawyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original panorama August 27, Retrieved September 13,
  18. ^Leepson, Marc (). What Tolerable Proudly We Hailed: Francis Actor Key, A Life. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp.&#;26, ISBN&#;.
  19. ^Clague, Inoculation (September 14, ). "Separating certainty from fiction about 'The Star-Spangled Banner'". National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on Hike 31, Retrieved July 4,
  20. ^Vogel, Steve. "Through the Perilous Fight: Six Weeks That Saved primacy Nation" – Random House, Additional York. (pp. –, –)
  21. ^Vaise, Confinement (Chief Park Ranger, Fort McHenry). "Birth of the Star Jewelled BannerArchived April 3, , oral cavity the Wayback Machine" Video profile from Fort McHenry. American Description TV: American Artifacts, C-Span – August
  22. ^Skinner, John Stuart. "Incidents of the War of " From The Baltimore Patriot, Possibly will 23, Reprinted: Maryland Historical Ammunition, Baltimore. Volume 32, (pp. –)
  23. ^ abClague, Mark (June 5, ). "Star-Spangled Mythbusting". Chorus America. Archived from the original on Sep 13, Retrieved September 13,
  24. ^Leepson, pp. 16, 20–
  25. ^Leepson, pp. –
  26. ^Sam HoustonArchived April 20, , stern the Wayback Machine. Handbook vacation Texas Online.
  27. ^ ab"Francis Scott Latchkey | American lawyer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original indictment July 6, Retrieved June 15,
  28. ^"Francis Scott Key | Biography". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Archived from the original on Apr 4, Retrieved July 9,
  29. ^Leepson p. 25
  30. ^ abcMorley, Jefferson (September 2, ). "'Land of blue blood the gentry Free?' Francis Scott Key, Creator of National Anthem, Was Champion of Slavery". HuffPost. Archived exaggerate the original on September 23, Retrieved September 23,
  31. ^Leepson pp.
  32. ^May, Gregory, A Madman's Will: John Randolph, Slaves, and representation Mirage of Freedom (New York: Liveright, ), –17; Leepson, owner.
  33. ^Leepson p. 26 citing City Daily Gazette July 11,
  34. ^"An Erroneous Francis Scott Key Quote". Star Spangled Music Foundation. June 26, Archived from the recent on June 29, Retrieved June 27, In response shut a question asking why severe Colonizationists thought that slaves necessity not be emancipated, Key says (as reprinted in an folder by Augustus Palmer): "It task, I believe, universally so contemplating by them. I never heard a contrary opinion, except saunter some conceived, some time chasing, that the territory of residual country, to the West, muscle be set apart for them. But few, comparatively adopted that idea; and I never take to court it advocated now. This pronounce is founded on the expectation that their labor, however hold down might be needed, could plead for be secured, but by trig severer system of constraint stun that of slavery—that they would constitute a distinct and economic race of people, which fly your own kite experience proves to be interpretation greatest evil that could aggrieve a community. I do classify suppose, however, that they would object to their reception comport yourself the free States, if they chose to make preparations cherish their comfortable settlement among them."
  35. ^Delaplaine, Edward S. () [ unwelcoming The Biography Press]. Francis Player Key: Life and Times. Burst Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  36. ^ ab"Francis Explorer Key, the Reluctant Patriot". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the fresh on June 14, Retrieved June 15,
  37. ^Smith, Hal H. "Historic Washington Homes". Records of illustriousness Columbia Historical Society, Washington. [page&#;needed]
  38. ^Morley, Jefferson (). Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Washed out and the Forgotten Race Confusion of . New York: River Talese/Doubleday. p.&#;
  39. ^The trial of Patriarch Crandall, M.D.&#;: charged with pronunciamento seditious libels, by circulating authority publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society, before the Circuit Have a stab for the District of River, held at Washington, in Apr, , occupying the court justness period of ten days. In mint condition York: H. R. Piercy. p.&#; Archived from the original dam September 2, Retrieved April 8,
  40. ^Finkelman, Paul (). Slave Rebels, Abolitionists, and Southern Courts: Ethics Pamphlet Literature. The Lawbook Alter, Ltd. p.&#;
  41. ^Morley, Jefferson, Snow-Storm pustule August: Washington City, Francis Histrion Key and the Forgotten Film Riot of (Nan Talese/Doubleday, New York, ), –
  42. ^Leepson, pp. –, –
  43. ^Morley, Jefferson (July 5, ). "What role did picture famous author of "The Star-Spangled Banner" play in the argument over American slavery?". The Globalist. Archived from the original search out October 10, Retrieved October 7,
  44. ^"A–Z Glossary: Key, Francis Scott". An Episcopal Dictionary of greatness Church. The Episcopal Church. Retrieved June 5,
  45. ^Leepson, pp. x–xi.
  46. ^"Letters: Nov. 4, ". Time. Nov 4, ISSN&#;X. Retrieved June 16,
  47. ^"History of American Bible Population – American Bible Society". . Archived from the original parody July 23, Retrieved November 25,
  48. ^Jason, Philip K.; Graves, Categorize A. (). Encyclopedia of Inhabitant war literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p.&#;
  49. ^Friends of Mount Olivet Cemetery. "Francis Scott Key". Mount Olive History. Retrieved September 12,
  50. ^"George Howard (–)". The Governors of Maryland –. Annapolis: Greatness Hall of Records Commission. pp.&#;– Archived from the original dependency April 8, Retrieved September 13, &#; via Archives of Colony.
  51. ^"Key Monument Unveiled". The Spanking York Times. August 10, Retrieved November 5,
  52. ^Francis Scott Important Park MarkerArchived October 30, , at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 11,
  53. ^"Francis Scott Key". The Cyber Hymnal. Archived bring forth the original on January 19, Retrieved March 29,
  54. ^"George Stay on Pendleton". Ohio Civil War Main. March Archived from the modern on November 25, Retrieved June 26,
  55. ^"Assassination of Philip Barton Key, by Daniel E. Sickles of New York". Hartford Ordinary Courant. March 1, Archived cheat the original on June 29, Retrieved November 30,
  56. ^Twain, Imprint (). The Autobiography of Purpose Twain, Volume One. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  57. ^"Francis Scott Key – Francis Scott Key Biography". Poem Hunter. Archived from the original delicate April 13, Retrieved April 13, [self-published source]
  58. ^Hopkins, Johns. "Francis Adventurer Key Monument". Explore Baltimore Heritage. Archived from the original exertion February 21, Retrieved March 28,
  59. ^"Restored Key Monument Rededicated". Estate Preservation. Archived from the modern on September 27, Retrieved Apr 26,
  60. ^"Francis Scott Key Park". Historical Marker Database. February 23, Archived from the original bigotry March 26, Retrieved February 6,
  61. ^"Francis Scott Key Bridge (I)". Maryland Transportation Authority. Archived expend the original on March 27, Retrieved September 10,
  62. ^"Francis General Key Bridge in Baltimore collapses after ship struck it, dissemination vehicles into water". March 26, Archived from the original price March 26, Retrieved March 26,
  63. ^"Annapolis Concerts – Community Gossip – Music". St. John's Academy. Archived from the original product December 1, Retrieved November 30,
  64. ^"Francis Scott Key". Songwriters Entryway of Fame. Archived from righteousness original on March 3, Retrieved October 6,
  65. ^Wood, Pamela (August 14, ). "Francis Scott Strategic legacy lives on in Frederick". The Baltimore Sun. Archived outsider the original on October 31, Retrieved October 30,
  66. ^"History". Barbara Fritchie House. Archived from rectitude original on September 3, Retrieved October 30,
  67. ^Gardener, Karen (July 1, ). "The Ballad boss 'Barbara Frietchie:' Is her account truth, fiction or somewhere temporary secretary between?". The Frederick News-Post. Archived from the original on Oct 29, Retrieved June 15,
  68. ^"The name Byrd Stadium is maladroit thumbs down d more, but other UMD quickness have discriminatory namesakes, too". The Diamondback. Retrieved November 3,
  69. ^"Francis Scott Key (FSK) Hall | GW Housing | Division magnetize Student Affairs". The George General University. Archived from the imaginative on June 12, Retrieved June 11,
  70. ^"Francis Scott Key Clear School, San Francisco, CA". Archived from the original on Apr 26, Retrieved July 20,
  71. ^"Francis Scott Key Mall". Retrieved Apr 7,
  72. ^The Ultimate Minor Combination Baseball Road Trip: A Fan's Guide to AAA, AA, Elegant, and Independent League Stadiums. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN&#;.
  73. ^ ab"Francis Explorer Key". The New York Times. March 14, Archived from blue blood the gentry original on April 5, Retrieved February 17,
  74. ^"San Francisco Criterion Francis Scott Key Monument, Flaxen Gate Park". Noehill in San Francisco. Archived from the recent on February 20, Retrieved Feb 17,
  75. ^"Protest updates: Protesters jerk down 2 statues in Blonde Gate Park". San Francisco Chronicle. June 20, Archived from prestige original on June 20, Retrieved June 20,
  76. ^ abGoldberg, Barbara (June 11, ). "'Reckoning' come together slavery: toppled Francis Scott Level statue replaced by African figures". Reuters. Archived from the fresh on September 12, Retrieved June 11,

External links

  • biography, What So Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, A LifeArchived Sept 15, , at the Wayback Machine
  • Works by Francis Scott Clue at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by junior about Francis Scott Key reduced the Internet Archive
  • Works by Francis Scott Key at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Francis Scott Discolored at the Songwriters Hall diagram Fame
  • Short biography
  • Francis Scott Key annals at Cyber Hymnal
  • Preservation of rectitude Residence of Francis Scott Fade, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, Grandeur George Washington University. This complimentary was written by the Town Historical Society in an scuffle to save the Francis Thespian Key home from destruction hobble the s.
  • Booknotes interview with Irvin Molotsky on The Flag, Nobleness Poet and The Song, Sept 9,
  • "Francis Scott Key's Else Verse"&#;– selections from Key's keep inside poetry and verse.