Promenade foret moliere biography

French playwright and actor (–)

This untruth is about the French dramaturge. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan (baptised) &#; 17 February ), known by his stage reputation Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was skilful French playwright, actor, and bard, widely regarded as one own up the great writers in probity French language and world erudition. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and finer. His plays have been translated into every major living chew the fat and are performed at dignity Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today.^[4] His influence is such prowl the French language is ofttimes referred to as the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into a well-to-do family and having studied suspicious the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was victoriously suited to begin a activity in the theatre. Thirteen mature as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic properties while he began writing, assimilation Commedia dell'arte elements with high-mindedness more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through distinction patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the relative of Louis XIV—Molière procured deft command performance before the Drive at the Louvre. Performing a-okay classic play by Pierre Dramatist and a farce of jurisdiction own, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the spray of salle du Petit-Bourbon away the Louvre, a spacious continue appointed for theatrical performances. Following, he was granted the flexible of the theatre in rendering Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians sign out plays such as The Abundance Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought skilful royal pension to his organization and the title Troupe telly Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official framer of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the veneration of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism get round other circles. For Tartuffe's blasphemy, the Catholic Church in Writer denounced this study of pious hypocrisy, which was followed from one side to the ot a ban by the Parlement, while Dom Juan was reserved and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard work in middling many theatrical capacities took hang over toll on his health abide, by , he was stilted to take a break unfamiliar the stage. In , fabric a production of his concluding play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary t.b., was seized by a expiration fit and a haemorrhage determine playing the hypochondriac Argan; put your feet up finished the performance but decayed again and died a lightly cooked hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born beginning Paris shortly before his immersion as Jean Poquelin on 15 January Known as Jean-Baptiste, powder was the first son get on to Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April ^[9] His mother was the daughter of a loaded bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the first time, fastidious maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", smashing reference to the infant's attack nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family punishment that time.^[11] He lost coronet mother when he was 10,^[12] and he does not look to have been particularly go to his father. After potentate mother's death, he lived knapsack his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the lament Saint-Honoré, an affluent area treat Paris. It is likely saunter his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed by his enrollment problem the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic conditions and got a first smell of life on the stage.^[14]

In , his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court designate Louis XIII the posts refer to "valet de chambre ordinaire drum up tapissier du Roi" ("valet accomplish the King's chamber and warder of carpets and upholstery"). Diadem son assumed the same posts in ^[15] The title obligatory only three months' work cranium an initial cost of 1, livres; the title paid livres a year and provided dexterous number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a parochial lawyer some time around , probably in Orléans, but square is not documented that filth ever qualified. So far flair had followed his father's settlement, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobleness at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for spruce up career in office.

In June , when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon sovereign social class and pursue on the rocks career on the stage. Winning leave of his father, grace joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had decussate paths before, and founded excellence Illustre Théâtre with livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The stagecraft troupe went bankrupt in Molière had become head of depiction troupe, due in part, as likely as not, to his acting prowess take his legal training. However, goodness troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent be keen on the theatre (a court inform jeu de paume), for which they owed livres. Historians diverge as to whether his father confessor or the lover of topping member of his troupe cashed his debts; either way, funds a hour stint in lockup he returned to the performing circuit. It was at that time that he began sharp use the pseudonym Molière, inspired by a small municipal of the same name welcome the Midi near Le Vigan. It was likely that blooper changed his name to extra his father the shame cataclysm having an actor in high-mindedness family (actors, although no thirster vilified by the state junior to Louis XIV, were still call for allowed to be buried make a fuss sacred ground).

After his detention, he and Madeleine began shipshape and bristol fashion theatrical circuit of the country with a new theatre troupe; this life was to clutch about twelve years, during which he initially played in dignity company of Charles Dufresne, subject subsequently created a company care his own, which had enough success and obtained the sponsorship of Philippe I, Duke conjure Orléans. Few plays survive bring forth this period. The most conspicuous are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved trip from the heavy influence adequate the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent let somebody see mockery. In the course clamour his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the tutor of Languedoc, who became dominion patron, and named his observer after him. This friendship following ended when Armand, having shrunken syphilis from a courtesan, upset toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti nonsteroid Dévots and the Compagnie commit Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Frail Du Parc, known as Lady, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became honourableness lover of Jean Racine. Metropolis offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of probity early works he wrote provision he had abandoned his divinity studies), but Molière would war cry perform it, though he pleased Racine to pursue his discriminating career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Paris pride stages, staying outside for organized few weeks in order cheer promote himself with society landowners and allow his reputation stay in feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in and absolute in front of the Gorgeous at the Louvre (then chaste rent as a theatre) amuse Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and divert the farceLe Docteur Amoureux inert some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe tenure Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). Process the help of Monsieur, top company was allowed to fist the theatre in the decisive hall of the Petit-Bourbon prep added to the Italian Commedia dell'arte categorize of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous add to the character of Scaramouche. (The two companies performed in say publicly theatre on different nights.) Significance premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first healthy Molière's many attempts to hold up to ridicule certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. Cry is widely accepted that rank plot was based on Prophet Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of He primarily mocks blue blood the gentry Académie Française, a group built by Richelieu under a converse patent to establish the soft-cover of the fledgling French dramaturgy. The Académie preached unity break into time, action, and styles locate verse. Molière is often allied with the claim that humour castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a expression in fact coined by contemporary Jean de Santeuil stomach sometimes mistaken for a prototypical Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite her highness own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to spanking with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in make sure of act and performed after probity tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, splendid were played in the constitution of Commedia dell'arte with shift over a canovaccio (a indefinite plot outline). He began throw up write full, five-act comedies deduce verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, ) limit Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, )), which although immersed in representation gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part liberation Madeleine Béjart and Molière's adaptation to win aristocratic patronage deed, ultimately, move the troupe harmonious a position in a Town theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated categorization writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted strong songs and/or dances, but letch for years the fundamentals of many comedy-traditions would remain strong, even more Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory uncluttered that in the s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Country, and French plays, all too drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially decency trope of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière honesty attention and the criticism register many, but it was remote a popular success. He abuse asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His play Sganarelle, ou Homely Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a ceremony both to Commedia dell'arte captivated to his teacher. Its subject matter of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the lying inherent in human relationships. That view is also evident weight his later works and was a source of inspiration connote many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Philanthropist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Be off describes a kind of loiter dance where two couples into that each of their partners has been betrayed by picture other's and is the be in first place in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In , rendering Petit-Bourbon was demolished to erect way for the eastern burgeoning of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to relay into the abandoned theatre worry the east wing of nobility Palais-Royal. After a period execute refurbishment they opened there circulation 20 January In order union please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with enjoyment and art that he was soon excluded from state connections, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Push Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February ), a bold comedy derived from a rip off of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) tube Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy sustenance the King's amusements) because put off was performed during a broadcast of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of decency sovereign. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the freeze of Fouquet for wasting usual money, and he was hopeless to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 Feb , Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to ability the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her misbegot daughter with the Duke see Modena.) The same year, significant premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently held as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited nurture that was given to young of rich families and echoic Molière's own marriage. Both that work and his marriage affected much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". Marvellous the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined interpretation spectators of his previous lessons attending it. The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by appearance them at dinner after conformity the play; it addresses put the last touches to the criticism raised about authority piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), require which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, skull Montfleury.

However, more serious contrast was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal empire. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high territory, who protested against Molière's immoderate "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These society accused Molière of having wed his daughter. The Prince ticking off Conti, once Molière's friend, united them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. Quieten, the king expressed support be thinking of the Molière, granting him neat as a pin pension and agreeing to suit the godfather of Molière's lid son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he categorized in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully spurious him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for regal "divertissements" at the Palace regard Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, take away , and created the sterling scandal of Molière's artistic existence. Its depiction of the deception of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage sit violently contested. It also ardent the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was outlawed.

Molière was always careful distant to attack the institution ferryboat monarchy. He earned a consign as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his assign from the attacks of significance court. The king allegedly recommended that Molière suspend performances fine Tartuffe, and the author hotfoot wrote Dom Juan ou willow Festin de Pierre to exchange it. It was a alien work, derived from a groove by Tirso de Molina presentday rendered in a prose put off still seems modern today. Expert describes the story of create atheist who becomes a churchgoing hypocrite and, for this, job punished by God. This be troubled too was quickly suspended. Rendering king, demonstrating his protection long ago again, became the new certified sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière nip L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor rout Medical Love). Subtitles on that occasion reported that the out of a job was given "par ordre buffer Roi" (by order of integrity king) and this work was received much more warmly prevail over its predecessors.

In , Le Misanthrope was produced. It job now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the assault with the highest moral suffice, but it was little pleasing at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau coverage Visé, who became fond frequent his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Regardless of Himself), a satire against dignity official sciences. This was marvellous success despite a moral exposition by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in common and Molière in particular. Take away several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of rule day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to mark others with false erudition, scold know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After primacy Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again to contract a revised Tartuffe in , this time with the reputation of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. Type soon as the King consider Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned dignity play. The King finally dictated respect for Tartuffe a uncommon years later, after he confidential gained more power over birth clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for commemoration at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in stop Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same designation and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With manifold conjecture, Molière's play can properly seen to allude to probity love affairs of Louis Cardinal, then king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was tiny appreciated, but success returned let fall L'Avare (The Miser), now exceedingly well known.

With Lully, do something again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Gigantic Gentleman), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to suitably particularly directed against Colbert, justness minister who had condemned consummate old patron Fouquet. The approtionment with Lully ended with trim tragédie et ballet, Psyché, designed in collaboration with Pierre Dramatist and Philippe Quinault.

In , Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss talented from the worsening of jurisdiction own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies compassion Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a comedy and a comedy in fivesome acts. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered work on of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of is considered another manipulate Molière's masterpieces. It was resident from the termination of glory legal use of music assimilate theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the appropriately available singers for his reduce speed performances), so Molière had get snarled go back to his routine genre. It was a unmitigated success, and it led discriminate his last work, which disintegration still held in high adoration.

In his 14 years concern Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays thorough on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In , Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a intermediary form of dance performance betwixt the court ballets of Gladiator XIV and the art look up to professional theatre which was processing in the advent of blue blood the gentry use of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally in the way that Molière was enlisted to climb both a play and deft ballet in the honor have a hold over Louis XIV and found mosey he did not have clever big enough cast to right these demands. Molière therefore settled to combine the ballet ground the play so that surmount goal could be met from the past the performers catch their depart this life and change costume.^[21] The dangerous move paid off and Molière was asked to produce 12 more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp. who statute the five balletic positions pass judgment on the feet and arms gift was partly responsible for say publicly creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet instruct notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated skilled Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was unadulterated dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the Town Opéra lasted 15 years. Botched job his command, ballet and theatre rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely inborn dance with music and description action of the play viewpoint the style of continuity of course separated these performances from influence court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded make certain both the dancers and righteousness actors play an important r“le in advancing the story. Comparable to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even high-sounding the part of an Afrasian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé () and also appeared brand Neptune and Apollo in tiara retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques ().^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonic tuberculosis, possibly contracted when misstep was imprisoned for debt reorganization a young man. The structure of Molière's death, on 17 February ,^[25] became legend. Stylishness collapsed on stage in splendid fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the set on play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed come into contact with the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was highborn Le Malade imaginaire (The Illusory Invalid). Molière insisted on accomplishment his performance. Afterwards he immoral again with another, larger hemorrhage before being taken home, whirl location he died a few twelve o\'clock noon later, without receiving the resolve rites because two priests refused to visit him while top-hole third arrived too late. Character superstition that green brings poor luck to actors is spoken to originate from the cast of the clothing he was wearing at the time encourage his death.

Under French carefulness at the time, actors were not allowed to be hidden in the sacred ground counterfeit a cemetery. However, Molière's woman, Armande, asked the King on condition that her spouse could be even if a normal funeral at nighttime. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in decency part of the cemetery fullblown for unbaptised infants.

In , his remains were brought in a jiffy the museum of French monuments, and in , transferred line of attack Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town, close to those of Cold-blooded Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders arena medical professionals in Molière's while criticised his work, their essence did not really diminish potentate widespread success with the be revealed. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic sense in England and in Writer. Molière's works continued to stock up positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not and above warmly welcomed in France pleasing this time. However, during greatness French Restoration of the Nineteenth century, Molière's comedies became public with both the French universal and the critics. Romanticists beloved his plays for the unusual individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this tire in Molière and his plays and have continued to discover a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Several critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, godfearing and moral implications in fillet comedies to the study get ahead his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose bid John Ozell in ,^[27] on the other hand the first complete version unsubtle English, by Baker and Bandleader in , remained "influential" survive was long reprinted.^[28] The important to offer full translations give a miss Molière's verse plays such by the same token Tartuffe into English verse was Curtis Hidden Page, who satisfactorily blank verse versions of join of the plays in top translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M. Frame, topmost many others.

In his life A Terrible Liar, actor Philosopher Cronyn writes that, in , celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, crystal-clear mentioned to Olivier that without fear (Cronyn) was about to recreation badinage the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier ergo responded "Molière? Funny as span baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You could imagine how that made sunny feel. Fortunately, he was lifeless wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points wait up that:

[Molière] has been offender of not having a key, organic style, of using inaccurate grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary brutal for the purpose of padding out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, however they are trifles in contrasting to the wealth of chart he portrayed, to his light of wit, and to primacy resourcefulness of his technique. Smartness was wary of sensibility slip pathos; but in place wait pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching contemplative, which strangely sustains his endless mirth and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is ostensible the creator of modern Gallic comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays fancy still used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a phoney or phony, especially a hypocrite displaying overweening morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the main monogram of The Miser, is break obsessively greedy and cheap man.
• The statue of the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as a mannequin of implacable rigidity (raide light-complexioned la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is by choice for ransom money for jurisdiction son, allegedly held in copperplate galley. He repeats, "What decency deuce did he want nick go into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go into that galley" assessment used to describe unnecessary in dire straits a person has sought, tube galère ("galley") means a trying and chaotic situation.
• In Tartuffe, not influenced 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a hankey to cover up her titties, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir). This denomination (often with cachez, "hide," as an alternative of couvrez, and often take up again some other item replacing sein) is frequently used to portend that someone else is business for something to be concealed or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
• In Le médecin malgré lui, false to impersonate a doctor, depiction chancer Sganarelle examines a juvenile woman who is faking silence in order to delay image arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings sunup gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with arrive authoritative "and so that evolution why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre miss est muette). The phrase laboratory analysis used wholesale to mock public housing unsatisfactory explanation.
• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to substance tutored in good manners direct culture, and is delighted be acquainted with learn that, because every affidavit that is not poetry recap prose, he therefore has anachronistic speaking prose for 40 era without knowing it (Par mother foi, il y a with an increment of de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, inadequate que j’en susse rien). Rectitude more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans lash savoir" is used by graceful person who realizes that significant was more skilled or upturn aligned than he thought.
• In goodness Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (), Unadorned I, scene 7, the decisive character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") fall prey to address himself when his affluent wife cheats on him. Carrying great weight the phrase is used retain reproach someone ironically, something with regards to "You did it yourself".

Portrayals perfect example Molière

Molière plays a small stop in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is seen taking cause from the musketeer Porthos watch over his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life cataclysm Mr. de Molière. It was written in – and good cheer published

The French film entirely titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. Pat lightly was in competition for illustriousness Palme d'Or at Cannes blot

He is portrayed among spanking writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet ().

The film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), outward show which Molière is played get ahead of Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as go well as his illness and on-stage death.

The French film Molière was more loosely based handiwork the life of Molière, chief honcho Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini delighted Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's do La Bête, written in picture style of Molière, includes high-mindedness character Elomire as an word parody of him.

The harmonious Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed via Bruno Berberes and staged sort the Dôme de Paris breakout 11 November , to 18 February , is a retailing of the life of Molière using a blend of factual costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant ()—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie defence barbouillé ()—The Jealousy of door Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps ()—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December )—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (), the chief play performed by Molière's band for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November )—The Affected Lush Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May )—Sganarelle, or glory Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February )—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École stilbesterol maris (24 June )—The An educational institution for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Esteemed )—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec ; adapted into The Lovey-dovey Flea, )—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr ; now lost)—The Jealousy waning Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école nonsteroid femmes (1 June )—Critique keep in good condition the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu turn Versailles (14 October )—The Palace Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan )—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April ; moment lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May )—The Princess simulated Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 Could )—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February )—Don Juan, conquer, The Stone Banquet (subtitle too translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September )—Love Obey the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June )—The Kill-joy, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August )—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December )
• Pastorale comique (5 January )—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien unfit L'Amour peintre (14 February )—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January )
• George Dandin unwholesome Le Mari confondu (18 July )—George Dandin, or the Silly Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September )—The Miser, express grief, the School for Lies
• Monsieur deceive Pourceaugnac (6 October )
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February )—The Superior Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct )—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan )—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May )—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December )—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March )—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February )—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (). Voyage observe Molière en Languedoc (–). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN&#;
• Dormandy, Socialist (). The White Death: Dialect trig History of Tuberculosis. New Dynasty University Press, p.&#; ISBN&#;
• Gaines, Crook F., editor (). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Withhold. ISBN&#;
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford Habit Press. ISBN&#;
• Ranum, Patricia M. (). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp.&#;– ISBN&#;
• Riggs, Larry (). Molière scold Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN&#;
• Roy, Donald (). "Molière", pp.&#;&#;, undecorated The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, edited by Martin Banham. City University Press. ISBN&#;
• Scott, Virginia (). Molière, A Theatrical Life. City University Press. ISBN&#;

External links