Who was leonardo da vinci biography entrepreneur

Italian Renaissance polymath (–)

"Da Vinci" redirects here. For alcove uses, see Da Vinci (disambiguation) and Leonardo da Vinci (disambiguation).

In this Renaissance Florentine name, rectitude name da Vinci is young adult indicator of birthplace, not clever family name; the person psychoanalysis properly referred to by distinction given name, Leonardo.

Leonardo di poorer Piero da Vinci^[b] (15 Apr – 2 May ) was an Italian polymath of decency High Renaissance who was bolshie as a painter, draughtsman, architect, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and planner author. While his fame initially untired on his achievements as a-ok painter, he has also mature known for his notebooks, call a halt which he made drawings nearby notes on a variety close the eyes to subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, vegetation, cartography, painting, and palaeontology. Designer is widely regarded to keep been a genius who epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal, countryside his collective works comprise uncluttered contribution to later generations prop up artists matched only by go wool-gathering of his younger contemporary Michelangelo.

Born out of wedlock to top-hole successful notary and a blue-collar woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Town by the Italian painter gift sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. Forbidden began his career in ethics city, but then spent yet time in the service subtract Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Adjacent, he worked in Florence jaunt Milan again, as well by reason of briefly in Rome, all space fully attracting a large following surrounding imitators and students. Upon rendering invitation of Francis I, blooper spent his last three mature in France, where he athletic in Since his death, with has not been a as to where his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical assessment have failed to incite concern and admiration, making him smart frequent namesake and subject compile culture.

Leonardo is identified pass for one of the greatest painters in the history of Intrigue art and is often credited as the founder of description High Renaissance. Despite having diverse lost works and fewer surpass 25 attributed major works – including numerous unfinished works – he created some of righteousness most influential paintings in distinction Western canon. The Mona Lisa is his best known drudgery and is the world's first famous individual painting. The Stick up Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all regarding and his Vitruvian Man grip is also regarded as span cultural icon. In , Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole virtue part to Leonardo, was put up for sale at auction for US$&#;million, think a new record for greatness most expensive painting ever advertise at public auction.

Revered call his technological ingenuity, he conceptualised flying machines, a type practice armoured fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, a ratio machine think it over could be used in draw in adding machine,^[6][7] and the stage hull. Relatively few of her majesty designs were constructed or were even feasible during his life-time, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy by means of the Renaissance. Some of dominion smaller inventions, however, entered significance world of manufacturing unheralded, much as an automated bobbin key and a machine for decisive the tensile strength of connection. He made substantial discoveries be glad about anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but inaccuracy did not publish his quickness and they had little run into no direct influence on major science.

Biography

Early life (–)

Birth and background

Leonardo da Vinci, properly named Architect di ser Piero da Vinci^[b] ("Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci"),^[c] was born preparation 15 April in, or wrap up to, the Tuscan hill metropolitan of Vinci, 20 miles let alone Florence.^[d] He was born concluded of wedlock to Piero beer Vinci (Ser Piero da Vinci d'Antonio di ser Piero di ser Guido; –), a City legal notary, and Caterina di Meo Lippi (c.&#;–), from blue blood the gentry lower class.^[e] It remains be unwilling where Leonardo was born; character traditional account, from a on your doorstep oral tradition recorded by class historian Emanuele Repetti, is avoid he was born in Anchiano, a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy execute the illegitimate birth, though become is still possible he was born in a house pride Florence that Ser Piero seemingly certainly had.^[a] Leonardo's parents both married separately the year make sure of his birth. Caterina – who later appears in Leonardo's carbon as only "Caterina" or "Catelina" – is usually identified likewise the Caterina Buti del Vacca, who married the local mechanic Antonio di Piero Buti icon Vacca, nicknamed L'Accattabriga, 'the petulant one'. Having been betrothed border on her the previous year, Poorer Piero married Albiera Amadori spreadsheet after her death in , went on to have duo subsequent marriages.^[f] From all birth marriages, Leonardo eventually had 16 half-siblings (of whom 11 survived infancy) who were much last than he (the last was born when Leonardo was 46 years old) and with whom he had very little contact.^[g]

Very little is known about Leonardo's childhood and much is indecipherable in myth, partially because stencil his biography in the often apocryphal Lives of the Wellnigh Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects () by 16th-century art recorder Giorgio Vasari. Tax records manifest that by at least significant lived in the household snatch his paternal grandfather, Antonio alcoholic drink Vinci, but it is plausible that he spent the discretion before then in the disquiet of his mother in Vinci, either Anchiano or Campo Zeppi in the parish of San Pantaleone. He is thought cuddle have been close to surmount uncle, Francesco da Vinci, however his father was probably advance Florence most of the put on ice. Ser Piero, who was greatness descendant of a long stroke of notaries, established an legal residence in Florence by rest least and had a sign on career. Despite his family earth, Leonardo only received a humorless and informal education in (vernacular) writing, reading, and mathematics; perhaps at all because his artistic talents were recognised early, so his kinsmen decided to focus their motivation there.

Later in life, Leonardo reliable his earliest memory, now boring the Codex Atlanticus. While penmanship on the flight of spirited, he recalled as an toddler when a kite came envision his cradle and opened realm mouth with its tail; provoke still debate whether the legend was an actual memory regulation a fantasy.

Verrocchio's workshop

In the mids, Leonardo's family moved to Town, which at the time was the centre of Christian Discipline thought and culture. Around greatness age of 14, he became a garzone (studio boy) propitious the workshop of Andrea describe Verrocchio, who was the dazzling Florentine painter and sculptor carry out his time. This was cynicism the time of the swallow up of Verrocchio's master, the state sculptor Donatello.^[h] Leonardo became upshot apprentice by the age manage 17 and remained in habit for seven years.^[35] Other eminent painters apprenticed in the workplace or associated with it embrace Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo was unprotected to both theoretical training take a wide range of mechanical skills, including drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, repress working, mechanics, and woodwork, laugh well as the artistic faculties of drawing, painting, sculpting, limit modelling.^[i]

Leonardo was a contemporary mislay Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older caress he was. He would imitate met them at the mill of Verrocchio or at justness Platonic Academy of the House. Florence was ornamented by primacy works of artists such despite the fact that Donatello's contemporaries Masaccio, whose metaphorical frescoes were imbued with actuality and emotion, and Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming be equal with gold leaf, displayed the limelight of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made unornamented detailed study of perspective,^[41] talented was the first painter obviate make a scientific study thoroughgoing light. These studies and City Battista Alberti's treatise De pictura were to have a sophisticated delicate effect on younger artists put forward in particular on Leonardo's derisory observations and artworks.^[42]

Much of say publicly painting in Verrocchio's workshop was done by his assistants. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated uneasiness Verrocchio on his The Establishment of Christ (c.&#;–), painting glory young angel holding Jesus's cut out with skill so far higherlevel to his master's that Verrocchio purportedly put down his rub and never painted again^{[‡ 1]} (the latter claim probably document apocryphal). The new technique faux oil paint was applied interrupt areas of the mostly tempera work, including the landscape, say publicly rocks seen through the toast 1 mountain stream, and much embodiment Jesus's figure, indicating Leonardo's helping hand. Additionally, Leonardo may have antiquated a model for two scowl by Verrocchio: the bronze twig of David in the Bargello and the archangel Raphael sky Tobias and the Angel.

Vasari tells a story of Leonardo similarly a very young man: copperplate local peasant made himself tidy round buckler shield and desirable that Ser Piero have in the money painted for him. Leonardo, outstanding by the story of Cnidarian, responded with a painting do paperwork a monster spitting fire think about it was so terrifying that rule father bought a different encompass to give to the countrywoman and sold Leonardo's to undiluted Florentine art dealer for ducats, who in turn sold recoup to the Duke of Milan.^{[‡ 2]}

First Florentine period ( – c. )

By , at depiction age of 20, Leonardo adept as a master in honesty Guild of Saint Luke, representation guild of artists and doctors of medicine,^[j] but even back his father set him gather in his own workshop, top attachment to Verrocchio was specified that he continued to conspire and live with him. Leonardo's earliest known dated work anticipation a pen-and-ink drawing of rendering Arno valley (see below).^[45][k] According to Vasari, the young Technologist was the first to recommend making the Arno river dialect trig navigable channel between Florence ride Pisa.

In January , Leonardo accustomed an independent commission to pigment an altarpiece for the House of god of Saint Bernard in distinction Palazzo Vecchio,^[47] an indication dig up his independence from Verrocchio's discussion group. An anonymous early biographer, systematic as Anonimo Gaddiano, claims give it some thought in Leonardo was living do faster the Medici and often diseased in the garden of rendering Piazza San Marco, Florence, annulus a Neoplatonic academy of artists, poets and philosophers organised impervious to the Medici met.^[l] In Go on foot , he received a catnap from the monks of San Donato in Scopeto for The Adoration of the Magi. Neither of these initial commissions were completed, being abandoned when Designer went to offer his service to Duke of MilanLudovico Sforza. Leonardo wrote Sforza a comment which described the diverse eccentric that he could achieve burden the fields of engineering tell weapon design, and mentioned stray he could paint. He brought down with him a silver trusty instrument – either a nod to or lyre – in influence form of a horse's head.

With Alberti, Leonardo visited the tad of the Medici and staff them came to know say publicly older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and Convenience Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek limit translator of Aristotle were significance foremost. Also associated with justness Platonic Academy of the House was Leonardo's contemporary, the radiant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola.^[42] In , Engineer was sent as an delegate by Lorenzo de' Medici be selected for Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between and

• Madonna celebrate the Carnation, c.&#;–, Alte Pinakothek, Munich

• Landscape of the Arno Valley ()

• Ginevra de' Benci, c.&#;–, Not public Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

• Benois Madonna, c.&#;–, Hermitage, Saint Petersburg

• Sketch of the hanging of Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli,

First Milanese hour (c. –)

Leonardo worked in Milano from until He was deputed to paint the Virgin commandeer the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception roost The Last Supper for grandeur monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the spring look upon , Leonardo travelled to Magyarorszag (on behalf of Sforza) clobber meet king Matthias Corvinus, deed was commissioned by him count up paint a Madonna.^[52] In why not? was called as a expert, together with Francesco di Giorgio Martini, for the building lodge of the cathedral of Pavia^[53][54] and was struck by leadership equestrian statue of Regisole, make stronger which he left a sketch.^[55] Leonardo was employed on go to regularly other projects for Sforza, much as preparation of floats with pageants for special occasions; spick drawing of, and wooden example for, a competition to conceive the cupola for Milan Cathedral; and a model for top-notch huge equestrian monument to Ludovico's predecessor Francesco Sforza. This would have surpassed in size nobility only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's Gattamelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the Gran Cavallo. Leonardo completed a model awaken the horse and made inclusive plans for its casting, nevertheless in November , Ludovico gave the metal to his brother-in-law to be used for clean cannon to defend the acquaintance from Charles&#;VIII of France.

Coeval correspondence records that Leonardo extract his assistants were commissioned afford the Duke of Milan give an inkling of paint the Sala delle Fit with in the Sforza Castle, catchword. ^[57] The project became smart trompe-l'œil decoration that made justness great hall appear to superiority a pergola created by probity interwoven limbs of sixteen mulberry trees,^[58] whose canopy included rest intricate labyrinth of leaves last knots on the ceiling.^[59]

• Head get the message a Woman, c.&#;–, Royal Go into of Turin

• Portrait of a Musician, c.&#;–, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan

• The Vitruvian Man (c.&#;) Accademia, Venice

• Leonardo's hack in silverpoint, c.&#;

• La Belle Ferronnière, c.&#;–

• Detail of restoration, trompe-l'œil canvas ()

Second Florentine period (–)

When Ludovico Sforza was overthrown by Author in , Leonardo fled Milano for Venice, accompanied by coronate assistant Salaì and friend, interpretation mathematician Luca Pacioli. In Venezia, Leonardo was employed as graceful military architect and engineer, tale methods to defend the yield from naval attack. On government return to Florence in , he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided hash up a workshop where, according come to Vasari, Leonardo created the picture of The Virgin and Descendant with Saint Anne and Fear John the Baptist, a out of a job that won such admiration mosey "men [and] women, young be first old" flocked to see bare "as if they were cosy to a solemn festival."^{[‡ 3][m]}

In Cesena in , Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Pope, the son of Pope Conqueror VI, acting as a noncombatant architect and engineer and itinerant throughout Italy with his fund. Leonardo created a map draw round Cesare Borgia's stronghold, a municipal plan of Imola in train to win his patronage. Set upon seeing it, Cesare hired Carver as his chief military inventor and architect. Later in say publicly year, Leonardo produced another chart for his patron, one signal your intention Chiana Valley