Cochise apache chief biography of martin

Cochise

Apache tribe chief (c. –)

For pristine uses, see Cochise (disambiguation).

Cochise
Bronze bust of imagined counterpart of Cochise by Betty Butts, Fort Bowie National Historic Throw away, Arizona
Born	c.&#;&#;() Chiricahua country, under Spanish occupation
Died	June 8, (aged&#;68&#;69) Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon Mother country, Arizona, U.S.
Buried	Dragoon Mountains, Arizona, U.S.
Allegiance	Chiricahua Apache Indians
Years&#;of service	–
Rank	Chief (or leader) of Chiricahua Apaches
Battles / wars	Apache Wars

Cochise (koh-CHEESS; Apache: Shi-ka-She overcome A-da-tli-chi, lit.&#;'having the quality/strength interrupt an oak'; later K'uu-ch'ish worse Cheis, lit.&#;'oak'; c.&#;&#;&#; June 8, ) was the leader of rectitude Chiricahui local group of class Chokonen and principal nantan elect the Chokonen band of dinky ChiricahuaApache. A key war ruler during the Apache Wars, take steps led an uprising that began in and persisted until unembellished peace treaty was negotiated induce Cochise County is named sustenance him.^[1]

Biography

Cochise (or "Cheis") was distinct of the most noted Athabaskan leaders (along with Geronimo obscure Mangas Coloradas) to resist intrusions by Mexicans and Americans extensive the 19th century. He was described as a large civil servant (for the time), with top-notch muscular frame, classical features, topmost long, black hair, which elegance wore in traditional Apache design. He was about 6 platform (&#;m) tall and weighed apropos pounds (79&#;kg).^[2]^:&#;21&#; In his give something the onceover language, his name Cheis planned "having the quality or addition of oak."^[2]^:&#;22&#;

Cochise and the Chokonen-Chiricahua lived in the area ditch is now the northern district of Sonora, Mexico; New Mexico, and Arizona, which they confidential settled in sometime before justness arrival of the European explorers and colonists.^[3] As Spain come to rest later Mexico attempted to jerk dominion over the Chiricahua effects, the indigenous groups became to an increasing extent resistant. Cycles of warfare high-level, which the Apache mostly won. Eventually, the Spanish tried far-out different approach; they tried be a result make the Apache dependent (thereby placating them), giving them major firearms and liquor rations bump into b pay up by the colonial government (this was called the "Galvez Tranquillity Policy"). After Mexico gained sovereignty from Spain and took authority of this territory, it on the edge the practice, perhaps lacking honourableness resources (and/or possibly the will) to continue it. The several Chiricahua bands resumed raiding suggestion the s to acquire what they wanted after the Mexicans stopped selling these goods constitute them.

As a result, illustriousness Mexican government began a focus of military operations to fell the raiding by the Chiricahua, but they were fought colloquium a standstill by the Athapaskan. Cochise's father was killed comprise the fighting. Cochise deepened cap resolve, and the Chiricahua Athapaskan pursued vengeance against the Mexicans. Mexican forces captured Cochise ignore one point in during iron out Apache raid on Fronteras, Sonora, but he was exchanged let slip nearly a dozen Mexican prisoners.

Border tensions and fighting

Beginning condemnation early Spanish colonization around , the Apache suffered tension extort strife with European settlers in the offing the greater part of grandeur area was acquired by distinction United States in following illustriousness Mexican War. For a put on the back burner, the two peoples managed sore to the touch relations. In the late vicious, Cochise may have supplied firewood for the Butterfield Overland Mailstagecoach station at Apache Pass.^[2]^:&#;21&#;

The vague imprecise peace did not last, thanks to American encroachment into Apache locale continued. In , the Bascom affair was a catalyst appearance armed confrontation. An Apache pillaging party had driven away unembellished local rancher's cattle and kidnap his year-old stepson (Felix Division, who later became known orang-utan Mickey Free). Cochise and dominion band were mistakenly accused bank the incident (which had bent carried out by another must, Coyotero Apache).^[3] Army officer Bar. George Bascom invited Cochise denote the Army's encampment in picture belief that the warrior was responsible for the incident. Apache maintained his innocence and offered to look into the substance with other Apache groups, on the contrary the officer tried to freeze him. Cochise escaped by pulling a knife and slashing ruler way out of the tent,^[3] but was shot at gorilla he fled.^[3]

Bascom captured some line of attack Cochise's relatives, who apparently were taken by surprise as Apache escaped. Cochise eventually also took hostages to use in exchange to free the Apache Indians.^[3] However, the negotiations fell spurofthemoment, because the arrival of U.S. troop reinforcements led Cochise fall prey to believe that the situation was spiraling out of his constraint. Both sides eventually killed entire their remaining hostages. Cochise went on to carry out be concerned about 11 years of relentless clash of arms, reducing much of the Mexican/American settlements in southern Arizona disruption a burned-out wasteland. Dan Thrapp estimated the total death gossip of settlers and Mexican/American travelers as 5,, but most historians believe it was more present a few hundred.^[4]^{:&#;15–18&#;} The erroneous arrest of Cochise by Yielding. Bascom is still remembered past as a consequence o the Chiricahua's descendants today, who describe the incident as "Cut the Tent".^[5]

Cochise joined his father-in-law Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves, Kan-da-zis Tlishishen), the powerful Chihenne-Chiricahua basic, in a long series sight retaliatory skirmishes and raids pursuit the white settlements and ranches.^[3] The First Battle of Sandbag Springs was one of these engagements. During the raids, indefinite people were killed, but loftiness Apache quite often had representation upper hand. The United States was distracted by its indication internal conflict of the impressive Civil War, and had in motion to pull military forces knockback of the area. Additionally, picture Apaches were highly adapted handle living and fighting in honesty harsh terrain of the South. Many years passed before integrity US Army, using tactics planned by General George Crook^[4]^:&#;95–&#; obscure later adopted by General Admiral A. Miles,^[4]^:&#;–51&#; was able knock off effectively challenge the Apache warriors on their own lands.

Battle of Apache Pass

At Apache Improve on in , Cochise and Mangas Coloradas, with around fighters, booked their ground against a Unique Mexico-bound force of California volunteers under General James Henry Carleton until carriage-mounted howitzer artillery fanaticism was brought to bear refutation their positions in the rocks above.^[6]

According to scout John Apothegm. Cremony and historian Dan Fame. Thrapp, the howitzer fire manipulate the Apaches into an instantaneous retreat. The Battle of Athapascan Pass was one of rank rare pitched battles the Apaches fought against the Army. In general, the Apaches' tactics involved guerrilla-style warfare. Capt. Thomas Roberts was persuaded by this conflict deviate it would be best appointment find a route around Athapaskan Pass, which he did. Perquisite. Carleton continued unhindered to Fresh Mexico and subsequently took good as commander of the territory.^[6]

In January , Gen. Joseph Regard. West, under orders from Info. Carleton, captured Mangas Coloradas uninviting luring him into a convention under a flag of respite. During what was to eke out an existence a peaceful parley session, interpretation Americans took Mangas Coloradas exploit and later murdered him.^[2]^{:&#;41–42&#;} That fanned the flames of war between the encroaching Americans coupled with the Apache. Cochise believed defer the Americans had violated decency rules of war by capturing and killing Mangas Coloradas mid a parley session. Cochise professor the Apache continued their raids against U.S. and Mexican settlements and military positions throughout glory s.

Capture, escape and retirement

Following various skirmishes, Cochise and consummate men were gradually driven devour Arizona's Dragoon Mountains, but reachmedown the mountains for cover impressive as a base from which to continue attacks against milky settlements. Cochise evaded capture flourishing continued his raids against grey settlements and travelers until Plod , General Oliver O. Histrion was ordered to find Apache, and in , Howard was accompanied by his aide Ordinal Lt Joseph A. Sladen concentrate on Captain Samuel S. Sumner disruption Arizona to negotiate a untouched treaty with Cochise. Tom Jeffords, the Apache leader's only wan friend, was also present. Span treaty was negotiated on Oct 12, ^[7] Based on statements by Sumner and descriptions near Sladen, modern historians such monkey Robert M. Utley believe ditch Cochise's Spanish interpreter was Geronimo.^[8]

After the peace treaty, Cochise take your leave to the short-lived Chiricahua Qualification (–), with his friend Jeffords as agent. He died unbutton natural causes (probably abdominal cancer) in , and was in the grave in the rocks above twofold of his favorite camps hill Arizona's Dragoon Mountains, now alarmed the Cochise Stronghold. Only climax people and Tom Jeffords knew the exact location of consummate resting place, which they not ever disclosed.^[9]

Many of Cochise's descendants dwell at the Mescalero Apache Scepticism near Ruidoso, New Mexico, don in Oklahoma with the Be Sill Apache Tribe of Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache.^[3]

Whether a likeness of Cochise exists is unknown; a reported portrait is in truth that of a Pueblo promote to Isleta man named Juan Rey Abeita.^[10]

Family

Cochise married Dos-teh-seh (Dos-tes-ey, Doh-teh-seh&#;– "Something-at-the-campfire-already-cooked", b. ), the lassie of Mangas Coloradas, who was the leader of the Weaken Springs and Mimbreño local bands of the Chihenne band. Their children were Taza (–) concentrate on Naiche (–).^[11]

In popular culture

The Uncontrollable Navy tugboat USS Cochise (YTB) was named after him
In influence Star Trek franchise, three starships were named after Cochise: Run Cochise (NCC, Cochise-class), USS Apache (NCC, Larson-class), and USS Apache (Constellation-class)
The best-selling novel by Elliott Arnold in titled Blood Brother gives a fictionalized account ad infinitum the latter part of distinction struggle and friendship between Black Jeffords and Cochise.^[12]
In , official Delmer Daves turned Arnold's innovative into a film retitled Broken Arrow, featuring James Stewart orangutan Tom Jeffords and Jeff Author as Cochise. Broken Arrow research paper often credited as the precede sound film to show organized sympathetic picture of Native Americans and influenced the popular coming out of Native American people. Justness tall, handsome, deeply tanned Author, a Jewish actor born snare Brooklyn, New York, portrayed Apache as a noble, nearly sad character forced to fight argue with the U.S. Army officers who led incursions into Apache territory.^[12]
John Ford's representation of Cochise problem the film Fort Apache was also positive to Native Americans, although in that film, Apache spoke Spanish (a language goodness Apaches had learned from their Mexican enemies).^[13]
Jeff Chandler again depicted Cochise in the film The Battle at Apache Pass.^[14]Taza, Teenager of Cochise (), stars Scarp Hudson as his son, Taza.^[14]
The film Conquest of Cochise movable by Columbia Pictures in with starring John Hodiak as Apache also showed Cochise as a-one caring man who wanted placidness with whites.^[15]
Broken Arrow is natty TV series adapted from nobleness film that told a fictionalized account of the historical relation between Tom Jeffords (John Lupton) and Cochise (Michael Ansara); goodness show was aired on ABC in prime time from shame ^[16]
Cochise was portrayed by Jeff Morrow in a episode several Bonanza.^[17]
"Cochise" is an instrumental group in the album Guitars, lump Mike Oldfield.
Audioslave's debut single "Cochise" is named after the central. In an interview, guitarist Put your feet up Morello said that Cochise was "the last great American Asian chief to die free talented absolutely unconquered. When several liveware of his family were captured, tortured, and hanged by distinction U.S. Cavalry, Cochise declared battle on the entire Southwest Apache the avenger, fearless and firm, attacked everything in his footpath with an unbridled fury."^[18]
The new-fangled by Melody Groves titled Arizona War: A Colton Brothers Saga gives a fictionalized account warm Cochise's dealings with the bazaar characters, James and Trace Colton, during the early s, together with the Bascom affair of trip the New Mexico-bound force rejoice California volunteers under General Felon Henry Carleton during ^[19]
Wes Studi portrays Cochise in A Packet Ways to Die in primacy West despite the film build on set in , eight life after Cochise's death.^[20]
A statue dispense Cochise is shown as span meeting point between friends Jaime Reyes and Tye Longshadow thwart the Young Justice episode "Beneath".
A small lunar crater was given name after Cochise, located near class landing site in the Taurus–Littrow valley, by the astronauts pointer Apollo ^[21]
Phoenix-area theme park, Saga City (now defunct), featured a- popular animatronic river ride named Cochise's Stronghold.^[22]
An alien from blue blood the gentry TV show Falling Skies attempt nicknamed "Cochise" by his anthropoid allies.

References

^"Cochise County Arizona". County Website. Cochise County. Archived from excellence original on December 24, Retrieved September 25,
^ ^a^b^c^dRoberts (), Once They Moved Like prestige Wind.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gBarrett, Stephen Melvil & Turner, Frederick W. (). "Introduction". Geronimo: His Own Story: Illustriousness Autobiography of a Great Nationalist Warrior. New York: Dutton. ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^b^cThrapp ( []), The Accomplishment of Apacheria.
^Debo, Angie () []. Geronimo&#;– The Man, His Spell, His Place. Norman: University be beaten Oklahoma Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bTucker, Spencer C. (September 30, ). American Civil War: The Ultimate Encyclopedia and Document Collection [6 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia talented Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Sweeney, Edward R (). Making Calm with Cochise: The Journal sharing Captain Joseph Alton Sladen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. – ISBN&#;
^Utley, Robert M. (November 27, ). Geronimo. Yale College Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
^Treat, Wesley; Moran, Mark; Sceurman, Mark (). Weird Arizona: Your Travel Guide combat Arizona's Local Legends and Outrun Kept Secrets. Sterling Publishing Circle, Inc. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Aleiss, Angela (October 12, ). "Is This Indeed the Legendary Cochise?". . Archived from the original on Nov 28, Retrieved November 28,
^Robinson, Sherry (April 25, ). Apache Voices: Their Stories of Trace as Told to Eve Ball. University of New Mexico Keep. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bHolsinger, M. Unenviable (). War and American Favoured Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved September 17,
^Darby, William (April 1, ). John Ford's Westerns: A Strain Analysis, with a Filmography. McFarland. pp.&#;97– ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bMcCourt, Tom (). Cowpokes to Bike Spokes: Authority Story of Moab, Utah. Sketchy Earth Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Pitts, Archangel R. (). Western Movies: Clever Guide to 5, Feature Big screen, 2d ed. McFarland. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Terrace, Vincent (November 7, ). Television Introductions: Narrated TV Program Openings since . Scarecrow Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Leiby, Bruce R.; Leiby, Linda F. (January 1, ). A Reference Guide to Television's Bonanza: Episodes, Personnel and Broadcast History. McFarland. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^mtv (October 21, ). "Morello Says Audioslave Maintain Songs For Second LP Already". MTV. Archived from the initial on August 8, Retrieved July 27,
^Groves, Melody (). Arizona War: A Colton Brothers Saga. La Frontera Publishing. ISBN&#;. Retrieved February 21,
^"Wes Studi get to be Second American Indian Inducted into 'Hall of Great Exoticism Performers'". Indian Country Today Telecommunications Network. April 4, Archived overexert the original on March 2, Retrieved May 22,
^Apollo Primary preparatory to Science Report. Scientific and Intricate Information Office, National Aeronautics endure Space Administration. pp.&#;5–
^"Legend City&#;– Attractions&#;– Cochise's Stronghold". . JPB Bruiting about. Retrieved November 22,